Abiel Abbot Low

Abiel Abbot Low (A.A. Low)
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Born	February 7, 1811(1811-02-07) Salem, Massachusetts
Died	January 7, 1893 (aged 81) Brooklyn, NY
Monuments	Low Memorial Library, Hospital in Wu-Chang, China
Occupation	Businessman, merchant active in the China trade
Known for	Clipper ship owner, philanthropist
Home town	New York
Board member of	President, New York Chamber of Commerce, 1846; board member, Packer Collegiate Institute; member, Union Defense Committee of New York, War Fund Committee of Brooklyn; President, General Committee of Citizens in Brooklyn
Spouse(s)	Ellen Almira, 1841; Anne Davison Low, married 1850
Children	Harriette Low, Abbot Augustus Low, Ellen Low, Seth Low
Parents	Seth and Mary Porter Low
Relatives	Brothers, William Henry Low, Charles Porter Low, and six others; four sisters.

Abiel Abbot Low (February 7, 1811 – January 7, 1893) was an American entrepreneur, businessman, trader and philanthropist who gained most of his fortune from the China trade, importing teas, porcelains, and silk, and building and operating a fleet of reputable clipper ships.

Early life

Abiel Abbot Low was one of twelve children (eight sons, four daughters) of a Salem, Massachusetts, drug merchant, Seth Low. Abiel grew up attending public schools, and became a clerk in the house of Joseph Howard & Company, a company engaged in the South American trade, and moved to New York with his family in 1829. There, Seth Low’s pharmaceutical business flourished, importing drugs and India goods.

China

In 1833, Low sailed to Canton, China, and started working as a clerk for the mercantile house of Russell & Company, the largest American firm in China, founded by Samuel Russell, and of which Low’s uncle, William Henry Low, had been head for some years. In 1837, after four years of learning the intricacies of trading in China, Low became a partner in the firm. In 1840, he launched his own business in a joint venture with Wu Bingjian, also known as Howqua, a mentor for young Americans in China, a very important Hong merchant, head of the Canton Cohong and one of the richest men in China. The company, A. A. Low & Brothers, rapidly became one of the leading China and Japan silks teas and opium trading company.

New York

Having made his fortune in China and shortly after the launch of his business, Low returned to New York. There, he set up his New York headquarters on Fletcher Street, in a building shared with his father’s business. In 1849-1850, Low erected the A. A. Low building at 167–171 John Street, now part of the historic South Street Seaport historic area. The firm was situated at its Burling Slip building from 1850 to after the turn of the century.

Low launched his own fleet of clippers, among which were the Houqua, the first streamlined ship, named after his Chinese business partner who had died in 1843, and the Samuel Russell, named after the founder of the mercantile company in which Low had worked as a clerk. Two other of Low’s clippers, the Contest and the Jacob Bell, were subsequently destroyed by Confederate privateers during the Civil War.

Low was known for his business astuteness and shrewdness. He is said to have instructed his captains in China to wait and let competitors purchase the first tea pickings, and to purchase the following tea pickings at a lower price. Because of the speed of his clippers, he still managed to reach New York before his competitors.

Later life

Once firmly settled in New York, Low invested in other ventures, participating in the financing of the first Atlantic cable, of the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway through West Virginia together with Collis P. Huntington and others, and of Newport News, Virginia, and Huntington, West Virginia. Low was made a member of the New York chamber of commerce in 1846, and was elected as its president in 1863. He held the office until 1866 when he resigned and embarked on a voyage around the world. During his tenure, he spoke out on behalf of New York businessmen against British support to Confederate commerce destroyers.

Low never pursued an active political career, unlike his father, who had become mayor of the village of Brooklyn, or son, Seth Low, who later became the mayor of Greater New York. However, Low did accept nominations as a consultant and advisor to local trade and governmental authorities regarding trade and commercial interests. During the Civil War, he was active within the Union Defense Committee of New York, a member of the War Fund Committee of Brooklyn, and president of the General Committee of Citizens in Brooklyn, appointed in aid of the sanitary service.

He is also known for his philanthropy activities. In 1858, he became president of the Brooklyn Female Academy, later the Packer Collegiate Institute, and remained on the Packer board until his death in 1893. He was known to give bonuses to teachers and anonymous scholarships to deserving students. He also contributed to the development of the Brooklyn Library, the City hospital and many other cultural, educational, social and religious enterprises.

The Low Memorial Library, administrative center of Columbia University, was built in his memory by his son, Seth, in 1895.

He died in Brooklyn on January 7, 1893.

Family

Abiel Abbot Low was the son of Seth and Mary Porter Low, grandson of David and Hannah Haskell Low, great grandson of David and Abigail Choate Low.

Low married Ellen Almira, daughter of Josiah Dow of Brooklyn on March 16, 1841, and had two sons and two daughters from this marriage: Harriette Low (October 24, 1842 – 1884), Abbot Augustus Low (May 12, 1844 – 1912), inventor (notably of the paper shredder), businessman and industrialist, Ellen Low (June 30, 1846 -1884), and Seth Low (January 18, 1850 – September 17, 1916) who later became mayor of New York and president of Columbia University.

Upon the death of his wife in 1850, Low married Anne Davison Low, widow of Low’s brother William Henry Low. Another brother, Charles Porter Low, served as captain on the Houqua, Jacob Bell, Samuel Russell, and N.B. Palmer.

In 1894, Low's sons Abbot Augustus and Seth, built a hospital in Wu-Chang, China in memory of their father.

See also

• Kay Moor, a coal company town in West Virginia built for Low's Low Moor Iron Company, listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
• N.B. Palmer, A.A. Low & Brother clipper ship, which tied the record Shanghai-New York run of 89 days.
• Houqua, A.A. Low & Brother clipper ship, named in honor of Howqua

Further reading

• A. L. Moffat, "Low Geneal.: The Descendants of Seth Low and Mary Porter" (1932), a copy of which is in the Lib. of Cong.; and the New York press of Sept. 18, 1916.
• Sven Beckert, “The Monied Metropolis: New York City and the Consolidation of the American Bourgeoisie, 1850-1896” (2003)
• Edwin G. Burrows and Mike Wallace, “Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898” (1998)
• William Gilman Low, "A.A. Low & Brothers' fleet of clipper ships", 2nd ed. (1922)

Onlne reading

• Low, Charles Porter (1905). Some recollections by Captain Charles P. Low, commanding the clipper ships Hoqua, Jacob Bell, Samuel Russell, and N.B. Palmer in the China trade, 1847-1873. Boston: Geo. H. Ellis Co. http://books.google.com/books?id=j-JE7K-dE_sC&printsec=frontcover&dq=clipper+ship&lr=&cd=43#v=onepage&q=clipper%20ship&f=false. 

Weblinks

• Packer Collegiate Institute: Portraits on the Wall
• The Lemelson Center for the Study of Invention & Innovation, at the Smithsonian, Repository details for Abbot Augustus Low Patent and Trademark Papers, 1900-1912
• Amy Heard, Letters from the Gilded Age
• Low’s clippers and the China Tea Trade
• Bingham James Forrest Lowe Low(e) Research notes
• J. L. Cranmer-Byng and Sir Lindsay T. Ride, Notes on Hunter’s Journal, in Journal of Occurrences at Canton, pp. 37-41, pdf format
• South Street Seaport A. A. Low Building