HMS Gladiator (1783)
| Career (England) |  |
|---|---|
| Name: | HMS Gladiator |
| Builder: | Adams, Bucklers Hard |
| Launched: | 20 January 1783 |
| Fate: | Broken up in August 1817 |
| General characteristics 44-gun Fifth Rate | |
| Class and type: | Roebuck class ship |
| Tons burthen: | 882 long tons (896.2 t) |
| Length: | 140 ft (42.7 m) |
| Beam: | 38 ft (11.6 m) |
| Propulsion: | Sails |
| Sail plan: | Full rigged ship |
| Armament: | 44 guns |
HMS Gladiator was a 44-gun Fifth Rate Roebuck class ship of the Royal Navy. She was launched on 20 January 1783 by Henry Adams of Bucklers Hard. She spent her entire career on harbour service, never putting to sea. This made her an excellent venue for courts martial and a number of notable ones took place aboard her.
Contents
Career
She was commissioned in December 1792 under Lieutenant Samuel Hayter as a convalescent ship. Then, still under Hayter, she was recommissioned in February 1794 as a guardship. In December 1795 she was under the command of Lieutenant Stephen Parker, followed by Lieutenant Emanuel Hungerford from September 1799. She was Rear-Admiral Sir Richard Bickerton's flagship from February 1800 to May. Lieutenant Joseph Bromwich then took command of Gladiator, being succeeded in September by Lieutenant John Connolly. From December 1801 she was again a convalescent ship and the flagship for Rear-Admiral Sir John Holloway until to April 1802 when she was paid off.
Gladiator was recommissioned in April 1803 under Lieutenant Thomas Harrison. From May she was again Holloway's flagship until June 1804 when she became Rear-Admiral Sir Isaac Coffin's flagship. In February 1807 she came under the command of Lieutenant John Price as a convalescent ship. In 1811 she was under the command of Lieutenant Thomas Dutton and served as flagship for Rear-Admiral William Hargood. Lieutenant-Commander Charles Hewitt took command in July 1812, and Gladiator successively bore the flags of Rear Admirals Hargood, Edward Foote and Peter Halkett.
Courts martial
Because Gladiator spent her entire career in port, she provided a convenient venue for courts martial. In 1800 alone she was the venue for over 30.[1] In that year alcohol was causative in many cases.
On 3 July a court martial tried John Duncan, seaman on Hermione, for having murdered her officers of that ship, or aiding and abetting thereof in September 1797, and then carrying the ship to the enemy at La Guaira. The charges were proven so the court directed that Duncan be hanged.
The court martial board ordered one man hanged for desertion, which was an unusually harsh verdict. However, the man had deserted three times, after having enlisted three times (under different names) and taken the bounty money. Also, there had been a large number of desertions at Portsmouth and the court's intent was to send a message.
On 10 December a court martial tried John Hubbard and George Hynes, seamen from St George, for an unnatural crime. The court found them guilty and sentenced them to death.
At least three courts martial involved charges against Admirals. The first occurred between 23 and 26 December 1805, after the Battle of Cape Finisterre (1805). Admiral Robert Calder requested a court-martial to review his decision not to pursue the enemy fleet after the engagement. The court martial ruled that Calder's failure to pursue was an error of judgment, not a manifestation of cowardice or disaffection, and severely reprimanded him.[2]
The second occurred between 6 and 11 March 1807. The accused was Sir Home Popham and the charge was that he had conducted an unapproved (and notably quixotic and unsuccessful) expedition to Buenos Ayres, leaving his duty station, the Cape of Good Hope, undefended. The charge was found proven and Sir Popham was reprimanded.[3]
The third was the trial of Admiral Lord Gambier for his conduct of the Battle of the Basque Roads. Admiral Sir Eliab Harvey, who had commanded "The Fighting Temeraire" at the Battle of Trafalgar, believed that Gambier had missed an opportunity to inflict further damage upon the French fleet. He told Gambier "I never saw a man so unfit for the command of a fleet as Your Lordship." Thomas Cochrane threatened to use his parliamentary vote against Gambier for not committing the fleet to action. Gambier called for a court martial to examine his conduct. The court martial, on 26 July 1809 exonerated Gambier. Consequently, neither Harvey or Cochrane were appointed by the Admiralty to command for the duration of the war.[4]
Another notable court martial took place on 5-6 February 1810. The court-martial assembled to try Captain Warwick Lake for having marooned a sailor named Robert Jeffrey of Recruit on the desert island of Sombrero. Some months after Lake had abandoned the sailor, Lake's commanding officer, Sir Alexander Cochrane, had discovered what had happened and immediately ordered Lake to retrieve Jeffrey. When Recruit arrived at Sombrero, Jeffrey could not be found. (Jeffery had been picked up by an American ship and was eventually discovered in Massachusetts. He was returned to Britain and awarded compensation.) The subsequent court martial ordered that Lake be dismissed from the service.[5]
On 23 April 1813, Gladiator was the venue for the trial of the officers and men of Java for the loss of their ship in the action with the Constitution on 29 December 1812. The court honourably acquitted Lieut. Henry Ducie Chads and the other surviving officers and men of Java.
What was probably one of the last courts martial held on Gladiator occurred between 18 and 21 August 1815. The subject was the conduct of Captain Daniel Pring, of Linnet, and the officers and men of the squadron at the Battle of Plattsburgh on Lake Champlain. The court honourably acquitted Captain Pring and the others.
Fate
Gladiator was paid off on 5 October 1815. She was broken up in August 1817.
References
- Colledge, J. J.; Warlow, Ben (2006) [1969]. Ships of the Royal Navy: the complete record of all fighting ships of the Royal Navy (Rev. ed.). London: Chatham. ISBN 9781861762818. OCLC 67375475.
- Derriman, James (2006) Marooned: the story of a Cornish seaman. (Clifton-upon-Teme: Polperro Heritage).
- Duckworth, Sir John Thomas (1805) Minutes of a court martial, holden on board His Majesty's ship Gladiator, in Portsmouth Harbour : on Thursday, the 25th day of April, 1805, and the two following days, for the trial of Sir J.T. Duckworth, K.B., Vice Admiral of the Blue, on charges exhibited against him by Captain James Anthol Wood, of the Royal Navy. (London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, and Orme).
- Tracy, Nicholas (2006) Who's Who In Nelson's Navy: 200 Naval Heroes. (Chatham).
- HMS Gladiator's career
