HMS Howe (1805)
| Career (UK) | |
|---|---|
| Name: | Kaikusroo |
| Builder: | Bombay |
| Launched: | 1799 |
| Fate: | Sold to the Royal Navy in 1805 |
| Career (UK) |  |
| Name: | HMS Howe |
| Acquired: | 1805 |
| Renamed: | Renamed Dromedary, 1806 |
| Fate: | Sold out of service 1864 |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type: | Storeship or convict ship |
| Tons burthen: | 1,048 long tons (1,065 t) |
| Length: | 150 feet (46 m) |
| Beam: | 30 feet (9.1 m) |
| Propulsion: | Sails |
| Sail plan: | Full rigged ship |
| Armament: |
24 guns (as storeship)
|
HMS Howe was originally a teak-built Indian mercantile vessel, the Kaikusroo, which Admiral Edward Pellew bought in 1805 to serve as a 40-gun frigate. In 1806 the Admiralty fitted her out as a 24-gun storeship and renamed her HMS Dromedary. She made numerous trips, including one to notable one to Australia when she brought out Lachlan Macquarie and his family to replace William Bligh as governor of New South Wales. Later, she became a prison hulk in Bermuda. Her most recent contribution, however, is as the source of a rich archaeological site.
Contents
East India Company service
Built in 1799 in Bombay, Kaikusroo was a so-called Bombay “country ship”. As such she engaged in trading voyages on the Malabar Coast and to the Malacca Straits.[1][Note 1]
Between 1801 and 1802 she served under charter from the East India Company to the British Government as a transport ship in the British military expedition from India to Egypt and the Red Sea. Captain Thomas Hardie was appointed Commodore of the fleet of country ships.
During the period of the charter her owner was the Parsi shipbuilder Sorabjee Mucherjee. His guarantor was the Bombay merchant, Charles Forbes (as Kaikusroo's agent); her captain was Colin Mackenzie. At the time of her charter, Kaikusroo was valued at Rupees 275,000.
Admiral Pellew purchased Kaikusroo from Sorabjee Mucherjee in Bombay in April 1805 for £43,000.[2] His aim was to use her as a 40-gun frigate. He commissioned her as the Howe under Captain George Cockburn and she sailed from India in May with Marquis Wellesley and his suite embarked. Howe and Wellesley, coincidentally, stopped at Saint Helena and stayed in the same building to which Napoleon I of France would later be exiled.[3] Howe arrived at Portsmouth on 7 January 1806. She then moved to the Downs en route to Woolwich Dockyard.
There, on 24 February, the Admiralty ordered her converted into a storeship of 24 guns. By March 1806 Howe was embarking stores and she sailed from Portsmouth 14 May under Captain Edward Killwick for the Cape of Good Hope. While she was away the Admiralty recommissioned her on 6 August 1806 and renamed her Dromedary.[Note 2] However, the order to rename her Dromedary seems to have taken a long while to take full effect.[Note 3]
She was ordered to sail from the Cape of Good Hope to Buenos Aires where she met up with Sir Home Popham’s forces on 28 September. On 3 February 1807 took part in the Battle of Montevideo where she had four men lightly wounded.[4] At some point, perhaps on her return to Britain, William Scott took command of Dromedary. After her return to Britain Dromedary then embarked on a number of cruises, taking naval stores wherever the Admiralty sent her.
- 1808 – West Indies
- 1809-10 – New South Wales
- 1811-12 – India
- 1813 – Spain, Portugal and the Mediterranean
- 1814 – Heligoland, under Edmund Ives, Master. Later in the year she sailed to the West Indies and Halifax
- 1818 – Storeship at Dantzig
Bringing a Governor to New South Wales
In 1809 Dromedary, under the command of its master, Samuel Pritchard, carried Lachlan and Elizabeth Macquarie to New South Wales. Macquarie was to take over as governor from William Bligh. To enforce the change should the New South Wales Corps oppose it, Macquarie brought with him the 1st Battalion of the 73rd Regiment of Foot, his own regiment.
When the Macquaries boarded the Dromedary, lying off the Isle of Wight on 19 May 1809, they found the vessel critically overcrowded, with insufficient provisions for the voyage, and conditions so cramped that additional wooden berths or cradles had been erected to try and accommodate all the passengers. On board, in addition to the crew of 102 sailors, there were 15 officers, 451 rank and file, 90 women and 87 children. Pritchard took with him his wife, two year-old son, and their servant “Black Tom”.
Macquarie immediately transferred 39 men from Dromedary to Hindostan. Hindostan was a former East Indiaman now in service with the Royal Navy as a transport. She would accompany Dromedary on the trip while also carrying troops. Macquarie sent ashore two officers, 50 privates and 41 women and children who were instructed to follow in the next available convict transport. The Dromedary sailed on 22 May.
Dromedary arrived at Port Jackson on 28 December 1809. Macquarie assumed the governorship on New Year’s Day, 1810. In May Dromedary and Hindostan sailed for Britain. They took with them some 22 officers and 345 men of the New South Wales Corps, renamed to the 102nd Regiment of Foot, as well as 105 women and 98 children. On the voyage, Col. William Paterson, the former Lieut. Governor of New South Wales, died off Cape Horn. Dromedary arrived at Spithead on 25 October.
Convict ship
In 1819 Dromedary was fitted out as a convict ship. On 12 September under Captain Richard Skinner she sailed for Australia with 370 convicts. After delivering the convicts she was to proceed to New Zealand and Norfolk Island to procure timber for the home Dockyards. She arrived in Van Diemen’s Land on 10 January 1820, after a voyage of 121 days. She landed 347 convicts at Hobart, and another 22 at Sydney. She also carried a detachment of the 84th Regiment of Foot, and some passengers. From 20 February to 25 November Dromedary was in New Zealand collecting wood for the Navy to see if it would be useful for spars. At the same time Coromandel was also in New Zealand waters gathering timber. Dromedary loaded her spars at Whangaroa and Coromandel loaded at the river Thames. It would take almost a year to complete loading. Dromedary unloaded her timber at Chatham in June 1821.[5]
On Dromedary's return to England she was refitted at Woolwich 1822-23 and then in 1825 with Richard Skinner as Master she sailed for Bermuda with 100 convicts. She arrived in 1826 where the convicts were put to hard labor building the Dockyard.
Prison hulk
In 1826 Dromedary became a prison hulk for 400 newly arriving convicts. She then spent some 37 years at one spot close to the quarries and construction sites where the convicts labored. In 1851, after the convicts had built a bridge to Bows Island and a new barracks there, 600 convicts moved from the hulks Coromandel and Dromedary to the island. For the next 12 years Dromedary served as a kitchen for the working prisoners and those who guarded them.
Fate
Dromedary was sold for breaking up in August 1864.
Postscript
Because Dromedary sat at the same spot for 37 years the waters where she lay ended up as a repository for all manner of trash and treasures. In 1982 the Bermudian government gave permission for divers to conduct an underwater archaeological dig at the Dromedary anchorage site.
The search uncovered what is arguably the largest collection of 19th-century convict material directly associated with convict life on the hulks. The excavations recovered thousands of artifacts: whale oil lamps, pewter mugs, engraved spoons, clay pipes, bottles, buttons, seals, coins, trinkets, charms, rings, beads, gaming pieces, religious items, knife handles and gaming boards. Plotting of the artifacts enabled researchers to associated items either to the guards or to the convicts. This then suggested that there was a large scale shipboard economy in which convicts produced objects carved out of bone, shell, metal and stone that they sold to the guards, visiting sailors and free settlers for tobacco, alcohol, food and money.
Notes
References
- Colledge, J. J.; Warlow, Ben (2006) [1969]. Ships of the Royal Navy: the complete record of all fighting ships of the Royal Navy (Rev. ed.). London: Chatham. ISBN 9781861762818. OCLC 67375475.
- Bulley, Anne (2000). "The Bombay country ships, 1790-1833". London: Routledge. http://books.google.com/books?id=XEAVlScUWjwC&pg=PA74&lpg=PA74&dq=%22Kai+Kusroo%22&source=bl&ots=9TIaCkGrIx&sig=RlKep28BYuWY_rkLyrpLD18HNEw&hl=en&ei=N0XXSo_SMsSl8Qaf0bzlCA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CA8Q6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=%22Kai%20Kusroo%22&f=false.
- Grainger, John D. (1996) Royal Navy In The River Plate, 1806-1807. (Aldershot, Hants, Eng.: Scolar Press for the Navy Records Society), v.135. ISBN 978-1-85928-292-2
- Holmes, Richard (2002) Wellington: The Iron Duke. (London: Harper Collins). ISBN 0-00-713750-8.
- McNab, Robert (1908) Historical records of New Zealand. (Wellington).
- Parkinson, C. Northcote Parkinson (1954) War in the Eastern Seas: 1793-1815. ( London: George Allen & Unwin).
- Winfield, Rif (2008) British Warships in the Age of Sail 1793–1817: Design, Construction, Careers and Fates. Seaforth. ISBN 978-1-84415-717-4.
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