HMS Speedy (1782)

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HMS Speedy falling in with the wreck of Queen Charlotte, 21 March 1800
Career (UK) Royal Navy Ensign
Name: HMS Speedy
Ordered: 23 March 1781
Builder: Thomas King, Dover
Cost: £4,200.7s.3d
Laid down: June 1781
Launched: 29 June 1782
Completed: By 25 October 1782
Fate: Captured by the French on 3 July 1801 - broken-up in 1807
General characteristics
Class and type: 14-gun Speedy-class brig
Tons burthen: 207 21/94 bm
Length: 78 feet 3 inches (23.85 m) (overall)
59 ft 0.5 in (18.0 m) (keel)
Beam: 25 feet 9 inches (7.85 m)
Depth of hold: 10 feet 10 inches (3.30 m)
Propulsion: Sails
Sail plan: Two-masted brig
Complement: 90
Armament:
For other ships of the same name, see HMS Speedy.

HMS Speedy was a 14-gun Speedy-class brig of the Royal Navy. She was built during the last years of the American War of Independence, but served with distinction during the French Revolutionary Wars.

Built at Dover, Speedy spent most of the interwar years serving off the British coast. Transferring to the Mediterranean after the outbreak of the French Revolutionary Wars, she spent the rest of her career there under a number of notable commanders, winning fame for herself in various engagements and often against heavy odds. Her first commander in the Mediterranean, Charles Cunningham, served with distinction with several squadrons, assisting in the capture of several prizes, such as the French frigates Modeste and Impérieuse. His successor, George Cockburn, impressed his superiors with his dogged devotion to duty, but Speedy's next commander, George Eyre, had the misfortune to lose her to a superior French force on 9 June 1794. She was soon retaken, and re-entered service under Hugh Downman, who captured a number of privateers between 1795 and 1799, and fought off an attack by the large French privateer Papillon on 3 February 1798. His successor, Jahleel Brenton, fought a number of actions with Spanish forces off Gibraltar, while her last captain, Lord Thomas Cochrane, achieved some of his greatest exploits with her, forcing the surrender of a much larger Spanish warship, the Gamo. Speedy was finally captured by a powerful French squadron and donated to the Papal Navy by Napoleon. She was broken-up in 1807.

Design and construction

Speedy was one of a two ship class of brig built by Thomas King, of Dover. She and her sister-ship HMS Flirt were constructed to a design developed by King in 1781 based on the principle of producing a small, fast escort vessel with a cutter-type hull, rather than the more seaworthy but slower ship-sloops.[1] King had for sometime specialised in these types of vessels and the design capitalised on their experience. Speedy was so-named to symbolise this new approach, and measured 207 21/94 bm with a total length of 78 feet 3 inches (23.85 m).[1] She was armed with 14 4-pounders and 12 ½-pdr swivel guns, and carried a complement of 90 men. Ordered on 23 March 1781, she was laid down at King's yard in June that year and launched on 29 June 1782.[1] She moved to Deptford to be fitted-out and coppered between 16 July and 25 October 1782; at her completion she had cost £4,200.7s.3d to build.[1]

Early career

Speedy was commissioned under her first commander, Commander Josias Rogers, in May 1783 and was assigned to serve in the North Sea, operating out of the Humber.[2] After four years on this station she was paid off in January 1787 and began a refit at Woolwich in April that year. This work was completed by July, at a cost of £1,801, and she recommissioned in May that year under Commander John Maude, still on the Humber station.[2] From November 1790 she was under Commander Richard Lane, who was her captain until she was paid off in October 1791. Speedy then underwent another refit, this time at Deptford between June and December 1792, at a cost of £3,000, and was recommissioned in November 1792 under Commander Charles Cunningham.[2]

French Revolutionary Wars

File:Charles Cunningham.jpg
Charles Cunningham, Speedy's commander at the start of the French Revolutionary Wars. Painted in 1833-34 by Henry Wyatt.

Cunningham had previously been serving in the East Indies in command of the 16-gun sloop HMS Ariel.[3] By the time he had returned to take up his new command the French Revolutionary Wars had broken out and he was sent to join Lord Hood's fleet in the Mediterranean, arriving there in April 1793.[3] He was largely employed in carrying despatches and maintaining communications with other ships scattered throughout the Mediterranean ports. On 5 October 1793 the Speedy accompanied HMS Bedford and HMS Captain into Genoa, where they captured a French frigate, the Modeste, and two armed tartanes.[4] In the action Speedy sent two boats to board the tartanes while Bedford bombarded the Modeste. The French crew of the tartanes attempted to resist, two of them were wounded. The British did not suffer any casualties.[5] The Captain and Speedy then sailed to the Gulf of Spezia where they caught another French frigate, the Imperieuse, at anchor. The Imperieuse scuttled herself, but was subsequently salvaged and recommissioned as HMS Imperieuse.[4] Cunningham was promoted to captain and given command of the prize, with his commission post-dated to the day of the capture, 12 October 1793.[4]

File:Sir George Cockburn.jpg
George Cockburn, another of Speedy's commanders to reach flag rank.

Cunningham was replaced by Commander George Cockburn in the command of Speedy, which remained in the Mediterranean.[2] His first duties were limited to carrying despatches and passengers between Toulon and Genoa, after which he was ordered to join Captain Sutherland of HMS Diadem, who was commanding a squadron blockading Genoa.[6] The small fleet was caught in winter storms and several ships were badly damaged, forcing Sutherland and his squadron to seek shelter in nearby ports and to make repairs, with the exception of Speedy, which remained on station.[6] Sutherland put in to Hyères Bay and reported the dispersal of his squadron to Lord Hood, also noting that nothing had been heard of Speedy since the gales. Once Diadem had been repaired Sutherland returned to Genoa, and was surprised to discover Speedy still there patrolling the port, having not once left her task. While single-handedly maintaining the blockade she had gone as far as to capture several vessels.[7] Sutherland ordered Speedy, which was by now running desperately short of water, to Hyères to refit, giving a complimentary report of Cockburn to take to Hood.[7] Cockburn was rewarded with an acting commission as post-captain of the frigate HMS Inconstant, while Commander George Eyre took over command of Speedy in February 1794.[2][7]

Eyre supported the siege and capture of Bastia, after which he was ordered to join Diadem off Nice. While making his way there on 9 June, he ran into a French fleet under Pierre Martin, which had sailed from Toulon several days earlier.[8] Eyre attempted to escape, but the wind and sea favoured the larger vessels, and Speedy was chased down and captured. Eyre was brought aboard Admiral Martin's flagship and was told that the National Convention had recently ordered that no quarter should be given to the English or Hanoverians, and that had Martin's ship been first alongside, he would have sunk Speedy.[9] The sudden appearance of a British fleet caused the curtailment of the interview, and the French hurried back to Gourjean roads, taking Speedy and the captured British crew with them.[9][a]

French service and recapture

Speedy was taken into French service but enjoyed only a brief time sailing under the French flag. On 25 March 1795 she mistook Captain Thomas Fremantle's Inconstant for a French ship, and was recaptured.[2] Taken back into British service, she was under the command of Thomas Elphinstone from October 1796.[2] In early March the following year, Speedy joined a squadron cruising off Oneglia under Commodore Horatio Nelson, consisting of the 64-gun ships HMS Agamemnon and HMS Diadem, the 32-gun frigates HMS Meleager and HMS Blanche and the ship-sloop HMS Peterel.[10] On 31 March the squadron chased six French vessels under the guns of a shore battery. At 3pm Agamemnon, Blanche, Petrel and Speedy approached them and anchored in four fathoms of water.[10] Having silenced the shore battery, the British sent several boats in under heavy fire from the guns of the French ketch Genie and a gunboat.[10] The British force boarded and carried both ships, and then brought off the four merchant vessels they had been escorting, which had run themselves aground to avoid capture, under heavy musketry fire from the beach.[10] The British had one man killed and three wounded in the operation.[10]

Downman and Brenton

File:Captain Hugh Downman.jpg
Hugh Downman, Speedy's commander between 1797 and 1799

Elphinstone was succeeded in August 1797 by Commander Hugh Downman.[2] He made several cruises with Speedy, capturing a number of enemy vessels. On 3 February 1798 she encountered the large enemy privateer Papillon, mounting 18 guns and carrying 160 men, while sailing off Vigo. The Papillon attacked Speedy, which had a reduced crew owing to her master Mr Marshall, and 12 men, being absent aboard a prize Speedy had taken earlier.[11] The two ships fought each other for two days, by day two Downman had exhausted his supply of shot, and resorted to firing nails and pieces of iron hoop at his opponent.[11] Having observed his captain's predicament, Marshall secured the Spanish crew below deck and took the prize crew off in a small boat to come to Downman's assistance.[11] After a fierce fight the Papillon was driven off, with Speedy suffering losses of five killed and four wounded.[11] Downman then recaptured his prize and returned to Lisbon to carry out repairs.[11][12] During his time in command of Speedy, Downman captured five privateers, altogether mounting 17 guns and 28 swivels, and carrying 162 men.[11] For his efforts protecting British trade out of Oporto, the merchants presented him with a letter of thanks, and a piece of plate valued at £50.[11] As a reward for his good service, Downman was advanced to post-captain on 26 December 1798 and appointed commander of the 32-gun HMS Santa Dorothea, a frigate that had recently been captured from the Spanish.[12]

Downman was succeeded in January the following year by Commander Jahleel Brenton, who was based at Gibraltar.[13] While sailing off Gibraltar in company with the British privateer Defender on 9 August 1799, Brenton came across three small Spanish warships, mounting twenty 6-pounders between them. The Spanish ran in to a small sandy bay and anchored in a line so as to bring their broadsides to bear on the British ships. Speedy and Defender sailed up and down for two hours firing broadsides, but without much effect.[13] Defender then headed out to sea, whereupon Speedy ran in and anchored within 30 yards of the middle ship. The two exchanged a fierce carronade for three quarters of an hour, after which the Spanish abandoned their ships and made for the shore.[13] Two of the ships ran ashore, while the third was immediately captured.[14] Speedy launched her boats to recover the other two, coming under musket fire from the Spanish on the hillside as they did so. The British got both vessels off and took them into Gibraltar, along with two men wounded during the operation.[14]

File:HMS Speedy gunboats.jpg
HMS Speedy fighting Spanish gunboats off Gibraltar, in an 1801 print

On 3 October Speedy, while sailing once again off Gibraltar, spotted ten small ships coming out of Algeciras, apparently warships attempting to attack a British convoy which was then passing.[14] After closing them, Brenton discovered they were merchantmen, attempting to evade the British at Gibraltar in the bad weather. On Speedy's approach, they scattered, four sheltering under a fort. Speedy approached and fired on them, causing their crews to abandon them.[15] They were driven ashore by the wind, and despite sending boats out, it was found impossible to get them off, so they were left to be reduced to wrecks.[15] Three days later, Speedy was standing off Europa Point when twelve gunboats were sighted coming out of Algeciras to attack two merchant ships making their way past Gibraltar. One, the Unity, was carrying wine and spirits for the fleet.[15] Their combined firepower far outweighed that of Speedy, but Brenton turned his ship towards them, covering the escape of one of the merchantmen with his fire.[15] The gunboats attempted to catch the Unity, at which Brenton took his ship through the flotilla, close enough to break many of their oars, maintaining a constant fire from his guns and with every spare member of the crew firing muskets.[15] The Spanish flotilla broke and fled. Speedy had two men killed and one wounded, and had suffered considerable damage to her rigging and below her waterline.[15] She was unable to return to Gibraltar in the rising wind, and was forced to run along the coast to Tétouan Bay, where her shot-holes were plugged to allow her to make her way back.[16] During the engagement with the gunboats, the guns in the fortress of Gibraltar had not fired in support of Speedy. When Brenton asked why, the Governor of Gibraltar, General Charles O'Hara replied that he had arranged with the Governor of Algeciras for the guns never to be fired at the gunboats so as not to annoy the inhabitants of the town.[16]

Cochrane

File:Thomas Cochrane, 10th Earl of Dundonald.jpg
Commander Lord Thomas Cochrane achieved some of his most notable exploits with Speedy

Brenton was promoted to post-captain, in March 1800 Commander Lord Thomas Cochrane took over.[2] Cochrane was less than impressed with his new command, declaring that Speedy was 'little more than a burlesque of a vessel of war'.[17] His cabin had only 5 feet of headroom; when Cochrane wished to shave he had to open a skylight and set his shaving equipment out on the quarterdeck.[18] On another occasion he walked the quarterdeck with Speedy's entire broadside, seven pieces of four pounder shot, in his pockets.[18] In an attempt to increase the volatility of his new command he asked for and was given two 12-pounder long guns to use as bow and stern chasers, but the scantlings could not support them and they had to be removed.[18] He then requested his 4-pounders be upgraded to 6-pounders, but his gunports were not big enough.[18] He had better luck with his mast, taking a spar from HMS Genereux that was considered too large for Speedy, but which Cochrane felt improved her speed.[18]

In early May Cochrane was escorting a convoy from Cagliari to Leghorn. On 11 May a strange sail was spotted capturing one of the ships in the convoy, at which Cochrane chased and forced her to surrender. She turned out to be the 6-gun privateer Intrépide.[19] Three days later, as the convoy passed the island of Montecristo, five rowing boats emerged from one of the island's coves and captured two of the rearmost merchant ships. Cochrane immediately gave chase, and recaptured them early the next morning.[19] He was then given a free hand to raid enemy shipping in the area, and captured seven or eight vessels that June and July, including the 10-gun privateer Asuncion off Bastia on 25 June and the privateer Constitution off Caprea on 19 July.[2][20] On 22 September he captured a large Neapolitan vessel and on bringing her into Port Mahon learnt that the Spanish had taken notice of his depredations and were preparing a frigate to capture Speedy.[20]

Cochrane prepared for an encounter with this Spanish vessel by painting Speedy to resemble a Danish brig, then in the Mediterranean, called the Clomer. He also found a Dane, appointed him quartermaster and found him a Danish naval officer's uniform.[21] While cruising off Alicante on 21 December, Speedy encountered an enemy frigate, but tricked her into thinking she was a neutral vessel.[22] Cochrane again used this false flag technique to his advantage; on 22 January he was sailing with a convoy of Danish merchantmen under a Danish flag, pretending to escort them. A 10-gun French ship and 8-gun Spanish brig approached, at which Cochrane hoisted British colours and attacked, capturing both of them.[23]

Speedy and Gamo

Speedy was cruising off Barcelona at dawn on 6 May when a large enemy frigate was sighted. The frigate, a xebec-rigged vessel named Gamo, carrying 319 men, was armed with 8- and 12-pounder guns, with 24-pounder carronades.[24] This amounted to a total broadside of 190 pounds, more than seven times that of Speedy. Furthermore, Cochrane had only 54 men on board, having men away as prize crews.[25] Instead of evading the frigate Cochrane closed on her, and at 9.30 am Gamo fired a gun and hoisted Spanish colours. In return Cochrane hoisted American colours.[25] The Spanish hesitated, allowing Cochrane to get closer, hoist British colours, and evade the first broadside. Gamo fired another, which Cochrane again evaded, holding fire until Speedy ran alongside her and locked her yards in her rigging.[26] Gamo attempted to fire upon her smaller opponent, but her guns were mounted too high and could not be depressed sufficiently, causing their shot to pass through Speedy's sails and rigging. Cochrane then opened fire with his 4-pounders double- and treble-shotted, their shots passing up through the sides and decks, the first broadside killing the Spanish captain and boatswain.[27]

File:Capture of the El Gamo.jpg
The Action and Capture of the Spanish Xebeque Frigate El Gamo, Clarkson Frederick Stanfield

Seeing their disadvantage the Spanish second-in-command assembled a boarding party, at which Cochrane drew off, pounded their massed ranks with shot and musket fire, before drawing in close again. After having their attempts to board frustrated three times, the Spanish returned to their guns.[27] Cochrane then decided to board the Gamo, and assembled his entire crew into two parties, leaving only the ship's doctor to command and crew Speedy.[28] The British then rushed the Gamo, boarding from bow and waist, the boarders at the bow had their faces blackened to look like pirates.[27] The Spanish faltered at this, and were then set-upon by the party that had boarded from the waist. There was a hard-fought battle between the two crews, until Cochrane called down to the doctor, at the time the only person on Speedy, ordering him to send another 50 men over. At the same time he ordered the Spanish colours to be torn down.[29] Thinking that their officers had surrendered the ship, the remaining Spanish seamen stopped fighting. The British had lost three men killed and nine wounded, while the Spanish had lost 14 killed and 41 wounded, a total casualty list exceeding Speedy's entire complement.[30] The British then secured the Spanish prisoners below deck and made their way back to Port Mahon. Finding that he had been beaten by such an inferior foe, the Spanish second-in-command asked Cochrane for a certificate assuring him that he had done all he could to defend his ship.[29] Cochrane obliged, with the equivocal wording that he had 'conducted himself like a true Spaniard'.[29] Cochrane was later amused to learn that this certificate had later secured the Spanish officer further advancement.[29]

Later actions and capture

Cochrane returned to the coast off Barcelona in June 1801, and joined the 16-gun HMS Kangaroo in attacking a Spanish convoy of 12 merchant ships and five armed vessels anchored under the guns of a large tower.[31] After a sharp action fought between the afternoon of 9 June and the morning of 10 June the two ships sank or drove ashore all of the ships, with the exception of three brigs which they captured.[31] Three weeks later he was cruising off Alicante when he encountered several merchant vessels, which ran ashore. Rather than wasting time trying to get them off, he burnt them, but in doing so attracted the attention of a foe vastly more powerful that the Gamo.[32]

A formidable French squadron under the command of Rear-Admiral Charles-Alexandre Léon Durand Linois had left Toulon bound for Cadiz to collect reinforcements for Napoleon's army in Egypt.[32][b] On 3 July they sighted and chased Speedy, with Cochrane ordering the guns, boats and provisions thrown overboard to lighten the ship.[33] The French caught up nonetheless, and after narrowly avoiding the broadside of the 74-gun Dessaix, Cochrane struck his colours.[33] He was taken aboard the Dessaix, where her captain, Christy-Pallière, refused to accept his sword in recognition of Cochrane's achievements.[33] Cochrane was taken along with the fleet and watched the Battle of Algeciras Bay from the Dessaix. He and the crew of the Speedy were later exchanged in the aftermath of the battle.[34] On returning to Gibraltar he was court-martialled for the loss of his ship, and honourably acquitted.[35][c]

French and Papal career

Speedy was taken to Toulon with the fleet, where she became a pawn in the diplomatic war Napoleon was waging with Pope Pius VII, whose presence he wanted at his coronation as emperor. Speedy, by now named Saint Pierre, and with the words 'Donné par le premier consul Bonaparte au Pape Pie VII' inscribed in gilt letters on her poop, sailed with an escort from Toulon on 12 December 1802 bound for Rome as a present to the Pope.[36] She was taken into the Papal Navy in 1804 under the name San Pietro, and remained there until being broken up in 1807.[2][36]

Notes

a. ^ The defeat of the French fleets by Lord Howe at the Glorious First of June and the subsequent acquisition of large numbers of French prisoners caused the French to abandon the policy of guerre d'mort, lest their own men also be shown no quarter. Eyre endured a harsh time in captivity, but was repatriated, continued to rise through the ranks and died an Admiral and a Knight Commander of the Bath.[9]
b. ^ This consisted of the 80-gun ships Formidable and Indomptable, the 74-gun Dessaix and the 40-gun Muiron.[32]
c. ^ The court-martial was held aboard the 80-gun HMS Pompee on 18 July 1801. The President of the Court was Captain Charles Stirling, of the Pompee, with Captain Richard Goodwin Keats of HMS Superb, Captain Samuel Hood of HMS Venerable, Captain Aiskew Hollis of HMS Thames and Captain Jahleel Brenton, former captain of HMS Speedy, now commanding HMS Caesar.[37]

Citations

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Winfield. British Warships of the Age of Sail. p. 318. 
  2. ↑ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 Winfield. British Warships of the Age of Sail. p. 319. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Annual Biography and Obituary. p. 113. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Annual Biography and Obituary. p. 114. 
  5. ↑ James. The Naval History of Great Britain. p. 88. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Ralfe. The Naval Biography of Great Britain. p. 259. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Ralfe. The Naval Biography of Great Britain. p. 260. 
  8. ↑ Ralfe. The Naval Biography of Great Britain. p. 387. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Ralfe. The Naval Biography of Great Britain. p. 388. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 James. The Naval History of Great Britain. p. 343. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 11.6 The Gentleman's Magazine. p. 220. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Marshall. Royal Naval Biography. p. 190. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 Henderson. Frigates, Sloops and Brigs. p. 252. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 Henderson. Frigates, Sloops and Brigs. p. 253. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 15.5 Henderson. Frigates, Sloops and Brigs. p. 254. 
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Henderson. Frigates, Sloops and Brigs. p. 255. 
  17. ↑ Cordingly. Cochrane the Dauntless. p. 44. 
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 18.4 Henderson. Frigates, Sloops and Brigs. p. 242. 
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Cordingly. Cochrane the Dauntless. p. 54. 
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Henderson. Frigates, Sloops and Brigs. p. 243. 
  21. ↑ Henderson. Frigates, Sloops and Brigs. p. 244. 
  22. ↑ Cordingly. Cochrane the Dauntless. p. 56. 
  23. ↑ Cordingly. Cochrane the Dauntless. p. 57. 
  24. ↑ Adkins. The War for all the Oceans. p. XXII. 
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Adkins. The War for all the Oceans. p. XXIII. 
  26. ↑ Henderson. Frigates, Sloops and Brigs. p. 245. 
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 Henderson. Frigates, Sloops and Brigs. p. 246. 
  28. ↑ Adkins. The War for all the Oceans. p. XXIV. 
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 29.2 29.3 Adkins. The War for all the Oceans. p. XXV. 
  30. ↑ Henderson. Frigates, Sloops and Brigs. p. 247. 
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 Cordingly. Cochrane the Dauntless. p. 61. 
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 32.2 Cordingly. Cochrane the Dauntless. p. 62. 
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 33.2 Cordingly. Cochrane the Dauntless. p. 63. 
  34. ↑ Cordingly. Cochrane the Dauntless. p. 64. 
  35. ↑ Cordingly. Cochrane the Dauntless. p. 67. 
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 Cordingly. Cochrane the Dauntless. p. 65. 
  37. ↑ Cordingly. Cochrane the Dauntless. p. 66. 

References

  • Adkins, Roy; Adkins, Lesley (2007). The War for all the Oceans: From Nelson at the Nile to Napoleon at Waterloo. Abacus. ISBN 978-0-349-11916-8. 
  • Colledge, J. J.; Warlow, Ben (2006) [1969]. Ships of the Royal Navy: the complete record of all fighting ships of the Royal Navy (Rev. ed.). London: Chatham. ISBN 9781861762818. OCLC 67375475. 
  • Cordingly, David (2007). Cochrane the Dauntless. Bloomsbury. ISBN 9780747585459. 
  • The Gentleman's Magazine. 204. London: John Henry & James Parker. 1858. 
  • Henderson, James (2005 [1975]). Frigates, Sloops and Brigs: An Account of the Lesser Warships of the Wars from 1793 to 1815. Barnsley: Pen and Watch. ISBN 1-84415-301-0. 
  • James, William; Chamier, Frederick (1837). The naval history of Great Britain: from the declaration of war by France in 1793 to the accession of George IV. 1. London: R. Bentley. 
  • Lyon, David (1997). The Sailing Navy List: All the Ships of the Royal Navy Built, Purchased and Captured, 1688-1860. Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0851778976. 
  • Marshall, John (1824). Royal Naval Biography: Or, Memoirs of the Services of All the Flag-officers, Superannuated Rear-admirals, Retired-captains, Post-captains, and Commanders, Whose Names Appeared on the Admiralty List of Sea Officers at the Commencement of the Present Year, Or who Have Since Been Promoted, Illustrated by a Series of Historical and Explanatory Notes ... with Copious Addenda. 2. London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown. 
  • Ralfe, James (1828). The Naval Biography of Great Britain: consisting of historical memoirs of those officers of the British Navy who distinguished themselves during the reign of His Majesty George III.. 3. London: Whitmore & Fenn. 
  • Vale, Brian (2004). The Audacious Admiral Cochrane: The True Life of a Naval Legend. Conways. ISBN 0851779867. 

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