Japanese seaplane carrier Wakamiya
| Japanese seaplane carrier "Wakamiya" | |
| Career | |
|---|---|
| Name: | Lethington |
| Owner: |
|
| Port of registry: | |
| Builder: | Duncan, Port Glasgow, United Kingdom |
| Launched: | 21 September 1900 |
| Completed: | October 1901 |
| Notes: | chartered by Russia during Russo-Japanese War; Captured by Japan in 1905 |
| Fate: | Transferred to the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1913 |
| Career (Japan) | 100x35px |
| Name: | Wakamiya |
| Acquired: | 1913 |
| Commissioned: | 17 August 1914 |
| Struck: | 1 April 1931 |
| Fate: | Scrapped |
| General characteristics | |
| Type: | Seaplane carrier |
| Displacement: | 7,720 long tons (7,844 t) |
| Length: | 111.25 m (365 ft 0 in) |
| Beam: | 14.6 m (47 ft 11 in) |
| Draught: | 5.8 m (19 ft 0 in) |
| Propulsion: | VTE engines, 3 boilers, 1 shaft, 1,590 ihp (1,190 kW) |
| Speed: | 10 knots (12 mph; 19 km/h) |
| Complement: | 234 |
| Armament: |
2 × 3.1 in (79 mm)/40 DP guns 2 × 47 mm AA guns |
| Aircraft carried: | 4 × Maurice Farman seaplanes |
Wakamiya (Japanese:若宮丸, later 若宮艦) was a seaplane carrier of the Imperial Japanese Navy and the first Japanese aircraft carrier. She was converted from a transport ship into a seaplane carrier and commissioned in August 1914. She was equipped with four Japanese-built French Maurice Farman seaplanes (motorized with Renault 70 hp (52 kW) engines). In September 1914, she conducted the world's first naval-launched air raids.
Contents
Early career
Wakamiya was initially the Russian freighter Lethington, built by Duncan in Port Glasgow, United Kingdom, laid down in 1900 and launched 21 September 1900. She was captured on a voyage from Cardiff to Vladivostok during the Russo-Japanese war near Okinoshima in 1905 by the Japanese torpedo boat TB No. 72. She was acquired by the Japanese government, renamed Okinoshima-Maru until given the official name of Wakamiya-Maru on 1 September, and from 1907 was managed as a transport ship by NYK.[1]
In 1913 she was transferred to the Imperial Japanese Navy and converted to a seaplane carrier, being completed on 17 August 1914. She was a 7,720-ton ship, with a complement of 234. She had two seaplanes on deck and two in reserve. They could be lowered onto the water with a crane, from where they would take off, and then retrieved from the water once their mission was completed.
Siege of Tsingtao
From 5 September 1914, she conducted the world's first naval-launched air raids[2] from Kiaochow Bay off Tsingtao. Her seaplanes bombarded German-held land targets (communication centers and command centers) in the Tsingtao peninsula of Shandong province and ships in Qiaozhou Bay from September to 6 November, 1914, during the Siege of Tsingtao.
British officers also serving in the Battle of Tsingtao commented on the operations of the Wakamiya:
"Daily reconnaissances, weather permitting, were made by the Japanese seaplanes, working from the seaplane mother ship. They continued to bring valuable information throughout the siege. The mother ship was fitted with a couple of derricks for hoisting them in and out. During these reconnaissances they were constantly fired at by the German guns mostly with shrapnel, but were never hit. The Japanese airmen usually carried bombs for dropping on the enemy positions."—Report by Lieut. Commanders G.S.F. Nash and G. Gipps, HMS Triumph, 18th November 1914.[3]
On 30 September, Wakamiya struck a German mine and had to be repaired for a week. On this occasion, her seaplanes were transferred on land at Shazikou (沙子口海岸), from where they accomplished further scouting and attack missions:
"The seaplane corps and three Henry Farman 100 h.p. seaplanes were, in consequence of the damage done to the mother ship, landed at the Base already established at Laoshan Harbour (to the West of the Bay so nearer to Tsingtao), and this proved eminently satisfactory."—Report by Lieut. Commanders G.S.F. Nash and G. Gipps of the HMS Triumph, 18th November 1914.[3]
Altogether, the seaplanes made 49 attacks, dropping 190 bombs on German defenses until the German surrender on 7 November. According to the British Naval Attaché to Tokyo, Captain Hon. Hubert Brand, who had been stationed for three months on Imperial Japanese Navy warships throughout the battle, the bombs used by the seaplanes were about equivalent to 12 pdr. shells.[4]
Later developments
Wakamiya was modified as a regular aircraft carrier with a launch platform on the foredeck in April 1920 (when she was renamed Wakamiya-kan 若宮艦). She accomplished in June 1920 the first Japanese take-off from an aircraft carrier. It is thought she had a pioneering role in developing aircraft carrier techniques for the Japanese aircraft carrier Hosho,[5] the first purpose-built aircraft carrier in the world.[6]
She was used as a trials ship after 1924, stricken 1 April 1931 and later scrapped.
The second seaplane carrier of the Imperial Japanese Navy was the 1920 Notoro.
Notes
- ↑ Source NYK
- ↑ Wakamiya is "credited with conducting the first successful carrier air raid in history" Source:GlobalSecurity.org.
On the Western front the first sea-launched air raid occurred on 25 December 1914 when twelve seaplanes from the seaplane tenders HMS Engadine, Riviera and Empress attacked the Zeppelin base at Cuxhaven. - ↑ 3.0 3.1 Wakamiya-Maru off Tsingtao
- ↑ Source
- ↑ Source
- ↑ "The Imperial Japanese Navy was a pioneer in naval aviation, having commissioned the world's first built-from-the-keel-up carrier, the Hosho." Source.
References
- "Sabre et pinceau", Christian Polak, Chambre de Commerce et d'Industrie Française au Japon.
