NS Savannah
- For other ships with this name, see Savannah (disambiguation)#Ships.
| 300px NS Savannah passing under the Golden Gate Bridge | |
| Career | |
|---|---|
| Name: | NS Savannah |
| Owner: | U.S. Maritime Administration[1] |
| Operator: |
1962—1965: State Marine Lines 1965—1972: American Export-Isbrandtsen Lines[2] |
| Port of registry: |
Savannah,  United States |
| Ordered: | 1955 |
| Builder: | New York Shipbuilding Corporation, Camden, USA |
| Cost: | $46,900,000 ($18,600,000 for the ship, and $28,300,000 for the nuclear plant and fuel) |
| Yard number: | 529[2] |
| Launched: | 21 July 1959[2] |
| Completed: | December 1961[2] |
| Acquired: | 1 May 1962[2] |
| Maiden voyage: | 20 August 1962[2] |
| In service: | 1964[2] |
| Out of service: | 10 January 1972[2] |
| Fate: | Decomissioned |
| Status: | Museum ship |
| General characteristics | |
| Type: | Nuclear-powered cargo ship |
| Tonnage: | 13599 GRT[2] |
| Displacement: | 9,900 long tons deadweight (DWT)[2] |
| Length: | 596 ft (181.66 m) |
| Beam: | 78 ft (23.77 m) |
| Installed power: | One 74 MW Babcock & Wilcox nuclear reactor powering two De Laval steam turbines[2] |
| Propulsion: | 20,300 hp to a single propeller |
| Speed: |
21 kn (38.89 km/h) (service speed)[2] 24 kn (44.45 km/h) (maximum speed) |
| Range: | 300,000 nautical miles at 20 knots on one single load of 32 fuel elements |
| Capacity: |
60 passengers 14,040 ton cargo capacity |
| Crew: | 124 |
NS Savannah, named for SS Savannah, was the first nuclear-powered cargo-passenger ship, built in the late 1950s at a cost of $46.9 million, including a $28.3 million nuclear reactor and fuel core, funded by United States government agencies as a demonstration project for the potential usage of nuclear energy.[3] Launched on 21 July 1959, she was in service between 1962–1972.[2] NS Savannah is one of only four nuclear-powered cargo ships ever built.
Contents
Creation
In 1955, President of the United States Dwight Eisenhower proposed building a nuclear-powered merchant ship as a showcase for his "Atoms for Peace" initiative.[4] The next year, Congress authorized NS Savannah as a joint project of the Atomic Energy Commission, the Maritime Administration (MARAD), and the Department of Commerce. She was designed by George G. Sharp, Incorporated, of New York City. Her keel was laid down by the New York Shipbuilding Corporation at Camden, New Jersey. Her nuclear reactor was manufactured by Babcock and Wilcox. She was christened by U.S. First Lady Mamie Eisenhower at the ship's launching on 21 July 1959.[4]
Economics of nuclear propulsion
Savannah was a demonstration of the technical feasibility of nuclear propulsion for merchant ships and was not expected to be commercially competitive. She was designed to be visually impressive, looking more like a luxury yacht than a bulk cargo vessel, and was equipped with thirty air-conditioned staterooms (each with an individual bath), a dining facility for 100 passengers, a lounge that could double as a movie theater, a veranda, a swimming pool and a library. By many measures, the ship was a success. She performed well at sea, her safety record was impressive, her fuel economy was unsurpassed, and her gleaming white paint was never smudged by exhaust smoke. Even her cargo handling equipment was designed to look good. From 1965 to 1971, the Maritime Administration leased Savannah to American Export-Isbrandtsen Lines for revenue cargo service.
However, Savannah's cargo space was limited to 8,500 tons of freight in 652,000 cubic feet (18,000 m³). Many of her competitors could accommodate several times as much. Her streamlined hull made loading the forward holds laborious, which became a significant disadvantage as ports became more and more automated. Her crew was a third larger than comparable oil-fired ships and received special training after completing all training requirements for conventional maritime licenses. Her operating budget included the maintenance of a separate shore organization for negotiating her port visits and a personalized shipyard facility for completing any needed repairs.
No ship with these disadvantages could hope to be commercially successful. Her passenger space was wasted while her cargo capacity was insufficient. As a result of her design handicaps, Savannah cost approximately US$2 million a year more in operating subsidies than a similarly sized Mariner-class ship with a conventional oil-fired steam plant. The Maritime Administration decommissioned her in 1972 to save costs, a decision that made sense when fuel oil cost US$20 per ton. In 1974, however, when fuel oil cost $80 per ton following an energy crisis, Savannah's operating costs would have been no greater than a conventional cargo ship. (Maintenance and eventual disposal are other issues, of course.) In a note of historical parallel, the ship's namesake, the SS Savannah, which in 1819 became the first steam powered ship to cross the Atlantic Ocean, was also a commercial failure despite it also being an innovation in marine propulsion.
For a short period of time during the 1970s, after the Savannah was decommissioned, she was stored in Galveston, Texas, and was a familiar sight to many travelers on State Highway 87 as they crossed Bolivar Roads on the free ferry service operated by the Texas Department of Highways.
| SAVANNAH (nuclear ship) | |
|---|---|
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| U.S. National Historic Landmark | |
| Nearest city: | Newport News, Virginia |
| Built/Founded: | 1958 |
| Architect: | Sharpe,George W.,Inc.; New York Ship Building Corporation |
| Governing body: | State |
| Added to NRHP: | 14 November 1982 |
| Designated NHL: | 17 July 1991[6] |
| NRHP Reference#: | 82001518 |
Museum ship
In 1981, the Savannah was obtained via bareboat charter for display at the Patriots Point Naval and Maritime Museum near Mount Pleasant, South Carolina. Although the museum had use of the vessel, ownership of Savannah remained with the Maritime Administration, and the Patriots Point Development Authority had to be designated a "co-licensee" for the ship's reactor. Periodic radiological inspections were also necessary to ensure the continued safety of the ship. Once Savannah was open for display, visitors could tour the ship's cargo holds, view the reactor spaces from an observation window, look into staterooms and passenger areas, and walk the ship's decks.
The museum had hoped to recondition and improve the ship's public spaces for visitors, but these plans never materialized. Savannah never drew the visitors that the museum's other ships, notably the aircraft carrier Yorktown, did. When a periodic MARAD inspection in 1993 indicated the need for dry docking the Savannah, Patriots Point and the Maritime Administration agreed to terminate the ship's charter in 1994. The ship was moved from the museum and dry docked in Baltimore, Maryland in 1994 for the repairs, after which she was moved to the James River Merchant Marine Reserve Fleet near Newport News, Virginia. The fuel in her nuclear power plant was removed upon retirement, though parts of the system that still contain radioactivity are on board.
The Maritime Administration has funded decommissioning and removal of the ship's nuclear systems. The Savannah had undergone work at Colonna's Shipyard of Norfolk, Virginia, beginning 15 August 2006. That $995,000 job included exterior structural and lighting repairs, removing shipboard cranes and wiring, refurbishing water-damaged interior spaces, and removing mold, mildew and painting some of the interior. On 30 January 2007, she was towed to Pier 23, which is owned by the City of Newport News. On 8 May 2008, the NS Savannah arrived in Baltimore under tow from Norfolk, for removal of the vessel's remaining radioactive material.[3] The Savannah is expected to remain in Baltimore for up to 3 years under a $588,380 U.S. Maritime Administration contract with the Vane Brothers' shipyard at the Canton Marine Terminal in the Canton section of Baltimore.[3]
Since the NS Savannah is historically significant and has been designated a National Historic Landmark, MARAD has expressed interest in offering the ship for preservation once Savannah's DDR (Decommissioning, Decontamination and Radiological) work is completed. A MARAD spokesman told The Baltimore Sun in May 2008 that the maritime agency envisions the ship's eventual conversion into a museum, but that no investors have yet offered to undertake the project.[3]
See also
References
- ↑ "NS Savannah". US Maritime Administration, Virtual Office of Acquisition. https://voa.marad.dot.gov/programs/ns_savannah/index.asp. Retrieved 2008-03-16.
- ↑ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 2.12 Micke Asklander. "N/S Savannah (1962)" (in in Swedish). Fakta om Fartyg. http://www.faktaomfartyg.se/savannah_1962.htm. Retrieved 2008-02-07.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Laura McCandlish (2008-05-13). "Savannah calls on Baltimore". The Baltimore Sun. p. D1.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 "Sandia ships pieces of nuclear history to TVA". Sandia National Laboratories. 1999-03-26. http://www.sandia.gov/LabNews/LN03-26-99/savannah_story.htm. Retrieved 2008-05-23.
- ↑ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. 2008-04-15. http://www.nr.nps.gov/.
- ↑ "N.S. SAVANNAH (Nuclear Merchant Ship)". National Historic Landmark summary listing. National Park Service. http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=1845&ResourceType=Structure. Retrieved 2008-06-27.
- "The Nuclear Ship SAVANNAH Decommissioning Project". http://www.marad.dot.gov/Offices/MSP/Ship_Operations/NSS/index.htm. Retrieved 2006-06-11.
- Atomic Energy Insights, July 1995
External links
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de:Savannah (1962) fr:NS Savannah nl:NS Savannah ja:サヴァンナ (原子力貨物船) nn:NS «Savannah» ru:Саванна (атомоход) fi:NS Savannah sv:NS Savannah
