Park ship
Park Ships were merchant steamships constructed for Canada’s Merchant Navy during World War II. Park ships were the Canadian equivalent of the American Liberty Ships and the British Fort ships. All three shared a similar design by J.L. Thompson and Sons of Sunderland, England.
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Park Steamship Company
The Allied merchant fleet suffered significant losses in the early years of the Battle of the Atlantic as a result of U-boat attacks. The Park Steamship Company was created by the Canadian Government on April 8, 1942 to oversee construction of a merchant fleet to help replace the lost vessels and to administer the movement of war materiel. This was part of a coordinated Allied effort that saw the construction of British, American and Canadian merchant ships using a common class of vessel known as the North Sands class (named after a beach near the J. L Thompson yard on the River Wear).
Vessels
Over the next three years, the company ordered approximately 160 bulk cargo ships and 20 tankers that would all fly the Canadian flag. Ships at 10,000 tons were known as Park Class; smaller vessels, at a nominal 4,700 tons, were called Grey Class. They were powered by coal driven steam engines. All but two vessels launched were named for federal, provincial or municipal parks in Canada. Some were armed with bow guns and anti-torpedo nets. Two of the Park ships were lost to natural hazards and four were lost due to enemy action. One, the Avondale Park, built in Pictou, Nova Scotia was one of two Allied ships destroyed by enemy action in the North Sea in the last hour of the war in Europe on May 7, 1945.[1][2][3]
At the same time, Canada produced 90 additional vessels for the American government which were turned over to the British Merchant Navy under a lend-lease agreement.[4] Built to the same design but designed to burn oil instead of coal, these vessels were known as Fort ships, and they took their names from forts. Notable ships of this type included the Fort Cataraqui, Fort Rosalie, and Fort Charlotte. Like many of the Fort ships, the Fort Charlotte was launched as a Park.
Shipyards
The shipbuilding program was not easy to implement as Canada had only four operational shipyards with nine berths in 1940. By 1943, there were six additional shipyards and a total of 38 berths. These were all private shipyards located across Canada - on the East Coast at Pictou and Saint John, in Montreal, Sorel and Lauzon on the St. Lawrence River, at Collingwood on Georgian Bay, and Victoria, Vancouver and Prince Rupert on the Pacific Coast. Only the yards at Montreal, Saint John, Victoria and Collingwood had existed before the war. By 1945, there were 57,000 men and women employed in building or repairing merchant ships in Canada and several thousand more were employed building ships for the Royal Canadian Navy.[5]
The table shows the name of the shipyard and city, and the number of vessels launched by each yard.[4] Eventually thousands of Canadians would serve aboard these Canadian Merchant Navy ships.[6]
| Shipyard | City | Vessels Launched |
|---|---|---|
| Burrard Dry Dock Co. Ltd. | North Vancouver BC | 24 |
| North Van Ship Repair Ltd. | North Vancouver BC | 18 |
| Prince Rupert Dry Dock & Shipyard | Prince Rupert BC | 6 |
| Victoria Machinery Depot Co. Ltd. | Victoria BC | 11 |
| West Coast Shipbuilders Ltd. | Vancouver BC | 24 |
| Canadian Vickers Ltd. | Montreal | 1 |
| Davie Shipbuilding & Repair Co Ltd. | Lauzon, Quebec | 16 |
| Foundation Maritime Ltd. | Pictou NS | 23 |
| Marine Industries Limited | Sorel, Quebec | 18 |
| Morton Engineering & Dry Dock Co. Ltd. | Quebec | 4 |
| Saint John Dry Dock Co. Ltd. | Saint John NB | 8 |
| United Shipyards Ltd. | Montreal | 25 |
| Collingwood Shipyards Ltd. | Collingwood ON | 3 |
Further reading
- Syd C. Heal, A Great Fleet of Ships: the Canadian forts & parks, Vanwell Publishing, 1999
References
- ↑ "U-2336 Type XXIII". ubootwaffe.net. http://ubootwaffe.net/ops/boat.cgi?boat=2336. Retrieved 13 March 2010.
- ↑ Helgason, Guðmundur. "Patrol info for U-2336". Patrol info for U-162. Uboat.net. http://www.uboat.net/boats/patrols/patrol_3319.html. Retrieved 13 March 2010.
- ↑ "War casualties or just victims of an arrogant Captain". Timegun Travels. http://www.timegun.org/war_casualties.html. Retrieved 13 March 2010.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 "THE 'PARKS'". Mariners. http://www.mariners-l.co.uk/PARK.html. Retrieved 16 March 2010.
- ↑ Giesler, Patricia. "Valour at Sea: Canada's Merchant Navy". Veterans Affairs Canada. http://198.103.49.2/content/history/other/sea/valoursea_eng.pdf. Retrieved 16 March 2010.
- ↑ "The Merchant Navy of Canada". JunoBeach.org. http://www.junobeach.org/e/4/can-tac-mer-e.htm#null. Retrieved 16 March 2010.
External links
- Launch of the SS Victory Park, Pictou, Nova Scotia (newsclipping)
- Launch of the SS Ashby Park, Pictou, Nova Scotia (newsclipping)
