Russian battleship Potemkin

For the film, see The Battleship Potemkin.

The Potemkin underway
Career (Russia)
Name:	1904: Knyaz Potemkin Tavricheskiy 1905: Panteleimon 1917: Potemkin 1917: Boretz za Svobodu
Namesake:	1904: Grigori Aleksandrovich Potemkin 1905: Saint Pantaleon 1917: Grigori Aleksandrovich Potemkin
Builder:	Nikolayev shipyard
Laid down:	8 October 1898
Launched:	9 October 1900
Commissioned:	1904
Decommissioned:	1919
Fate:	Destroyed at Sevastopol in 1919; wreck scrapped, 1922
General characteristics
Displacement:	12,500 tonnes standard, 13500 tonnes full load
Length:	115 m (377 ft 4 in)
Beam:	22.3 m (73 ft 2 in)
Draught:	8.2 m (26 ft 11 in)
Propulsion:	2 shaft VTE, 22 Bellville coal fired boilers, 11,300 hp
Speed:	16 knots (30 km/h)
Complement:	730 officers and men
Armament:	4 × 305 mm (12.0 in) guns in two turrets, 16 × 152 mm (6.0 in) guns, 14 × 75 mm (3.0 in) guns, various small-calibre guns. 5 × 380 mm (15 in) torpedo tubes
Armour:	Krupp armour 6–9 in (150–230 mm), belt 2.5–3 in (63–76 mm), deck 10 in (250 mm), turrets 5–6 in (130–150 mm), casemates 9 in (230 mm), conning tower

The Potemkin (Russian: Князь Потёмкин Таврический, Knyaz’ Potyomkin Tavricheski, ‘Prince Potyomkin of Tauris’) was a pre-dreadnought battleship (Bronenosets) of the Imperial Russian Navy's Black Sea Fleet. The ship was made famous by the Battleship Potemkin uprising, a rebellion of the crew against their oppressive officers in June 1905 (during the Russian Revolution of 1905). It later came to be viewed as an initial step towards the Russian Revolution of 1917, and was the basis of Sergei Eisenstein's silent film The Battleship Potemkin (1925).

Following the mutiny in 1905, the ship's name was changed to Panteleimon after Saint Pantaleon, but restored to Potemkin in 1917, before a final rename to Boretz za Svobodu (Fighter for Freedom) later in that year.

Design and construction of the ship

The ship was laid down at the Nikolayev shipyard in October 1898, launched in October 1900, and commissioned in 1904. She was named in honour of Grigori Aleksandrovich Potemkin, a military figure of the 18th century. The vessel was built based on the prototype of the Russian battleship Tri Sviatitelia and a modernized version of Peresviet-class battleships (see Oslyabya). The armour scheme was designed after HMS Majestic.

Several innovations were incorporated in the design. This was the first Russian battleship with liquid fuelled boilers (although these were replaced by coal fired boilers after a fire during trials) and centralised fire control.

The Uprising

Origins

File:Poster15.jpg

Soviet poster portraying the 1905 revolution. The caption reads "Glory to the People's Heroes of the Potemkin!"

In 1905, The Central Committee of the Social Democratic Organization of the Black Sea Fleet started preparations for a simultaneous crew uprising on all of the ships of the fleet some time in the autumn of 1905. However, at the time of planning Potemkin was away for firing exercises at Tendra Island, and the rebellion broke out on its own on 27 June [O.S. 14 June] 1905, spontaneously and prematurely.

The uprising was sparked by Ippolit Giliarovsky, the second in command of the battleship, who allegedly threatened reprisals against a number of the crew for their refusal to eat meat found to contain maggots when it was delivered to the warship. Reportedly he mustered the crew on the quarterdeck near where a tarpaulin was laid out and armed marines were drawn up. The sailors assumed that a group execution was pending and rushed the marines (themselves sailors), calling on them not to shoot. The actual events sparking the mutiny remain uncertain and have been overshadowed by the version depicted in the famous Sergei Eisenstein film The Battleship Potemkin. It's known that discipline in the Imperial Navy was harsh; morale dropped lower following the disastrous news from the recent Battle of Tsushima on 27 May 1905. Prior to this a group of sailors dedicated to revolution had formed. The group, called Tsentralka, plotted in secret a massed mutiny of the Black Sea Fleet that would support revolutionary groups on land. The mutineers killed seven of the Potemkin's eighteen officers, including Captain Evgeny Golikov and Giliarovsky. The surviving officers were placed under arrest, as were those of an accompanying torpedo-boat, the N267. One sailor, Grigory Vakulinchuk, was fatally wounded during the fight. The seamen organized a Ship's Commission led by Afanasi Matushenko.

The ship contained an English officer named Ethan Miller who was later exiled during the revolution of 1917.^{[citation needed]}

Arrival in Odessa

File:Monument to Battleship Potemkin-Odessa.JPG

Monument to the Crew of the Battleship Potemkin in Odessa, Ukraine

File:Leader of Potemkin revolt.jpg

Matochenko, the leader of the uprising, is seen to the left of centre.

In the evening of that same day, the rebellious battleship came to Odessa flying a red flag. A general strike had been called in Odessa and there was some unrest, for which the arrival of the battleship provided a focus and incentive. However, the representatives of the contact commission of the Odessa Social Democratic parties were not able to convince the battleship crew to land armed sailors and help workers to get weapons and act together. There was division and confusion amongst both sailors and strikers.

On 29 June [O.S. 16 June] 1905, Vakulenchuk’s funeral turned into a political demonstration. Demonstrators crowded on the flight of steps leading from the port area to the centre of the city were reportedly fired on by dismounted cavalry, a scene that forms the dramatic highpoint of the film Battleship Potemkin. There is some controversy over whether the encounter on the Odessa Steps actually occurred but The Times of London correspondent and the resident British Consul reported a number of clashes between demonstrators and troops throughout the city and heavy loss of life. The evening of the following day Potemkin fired two shells at the part of the city containing the headquarters of the imperial military authorities. One civilian was killed and the city suffered limited damage. The Imperial military sent reinforcements to Odessa in order to suppress the civil disorder. The government issued an order either to force the Potemkin crew to give up or sink the battleship. Two squadrons of the Black Sea Fleet were sent for this purpose. They gathered at the Tendra Island on 30 June [O.S. 17 June] 1905. Potemkin faced the joint squadron and — refusing to give up — sailed through the centre of it. This “silent battle” ended victoriously for Potemkin: the crews of the joint squadron refused to fire at the battleship and one of the battleships — Georgii Pobedonosets — joined Potemkin. The joint squadron went to Sevastopol. The three rebellious warships headed for Odessa. However, the recently mutinied battleship Saint George soon turned against the Potemkin by means of a counter-mutiny, and ran aground on the shores of Odessa.

The Central Committee of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party tried to provide support for the Potemkin uprising. However, Mikhail Vasilyev-Yuzhin, who came to Odessa at the request of Vladimir Lenin to lead the uprising, found the battleship had left the port.

Voyage to Romania

In the evening of 1 July [O.S. 18 June] 1905, the battleship sailed for Constanţa (Romania) together with the torpedo boat N267 for fuel and supplies (by that time, Georgiy Pobedonosets had surrendered to the authorities). On 3 July [O.S. 20 June] 1905, the Ship’s Commission issued appeals “To all civilized world” and “To all European powers”, proclaiming the crew’s firm decision to fight against the Tsarist regime. Romanian authorities refused to permit supplies to be sent to the battleship. The same happened in the Russian port of Theodosia on 5 July [O.S. 22 June] 1905 where a landing party from the warship was fired on by troops. On 8 July [O.S. 25 June] 1905, Potemkin returned to Constanţa and its crew handed the ship over to the Romanian authorities.

Aftermath

The Romanian government then returned the battleship to the Russian navy. In October 1905 it was renamed to Panteleimon (Пантелеймон).

File:Zaqatala-PotemkinMonument.jpg

The monument to the mutineers of the Battleship Potemkin in modern Zaqatala, Azerbaijan.

In April 1917 the ship was renamed to Potemkin-Tavricheski (Потёмкин-Таврический) once again, however, in May they changed it to Borets za svobodu (Борец за свободу - Freedom Fighter). In 1918 it had been captured by the Germans, then recaptured by the White Russians. In April 1919, the interventionists scuttled the ship in Sevastopol so it wouldn't fall into Bolshevik hands. After the Russian Civil War, the wreck of the Potemkin was raised from the bottom of the sea and dismantled because of irreparable damage.

The majority of the mutineers chose to remain in Romania after 1905, at least until the revolution of February 1917. Of those who returned to Russia in the immediate aftermath of the mutiny, seven men were executed as ringleaders while fifty-six crewmen were sentenced to varying terms of imprisonment. A number of petty officers from the Potemkin were able to successfully argue that they had acted only under duress, while the crew of the Viekha, a support vessel caught up in the mutiny when it encountered the Potemkin, were acquitted after it was established that they had successfully argued for the release of their own officers.

Amongst the six hundred former crewmen of the Potemkin who remained in Romania in 1905 and generally merged into the local population, was the leader Afanasy Matushenko. Together with four colleagues Matushenko returned to Russia under promise of an amnesty in 1907. He was however arrested and hanged. Another leader, Joseph Dymtchenko, fled Romania in 1908 with thirty-one other sailors and settled in Argentina. At least one sailor, Ivan Beshoff, made it to Ireland via Turkey and London (where he allegedly met Lenin). He set up Beshoff's fish and chips in Dublin, Ireland. He died on October 25, 1987, aged 102, likely to be the last survivor of the crew.

Lenin wrote that the Potemkin uprising had had a huge importance in terms of being the first attempt at creating the nucleus of a revolutionary army, especially since a part of the imperial armed forces had sided with the revolution. Lenin called Potemkin an "undefeated territory of the revolution." The Potemkin uprising had a significant influence on the revolutionizing process in the Russian army and fleet in 1917.

See also

• Russian cruiser Aurora
• Wilhelmshaven mutiny
• Sailors' mutiny

References

• Bascomb, Neal (2007). Red Mutiny: Eleven Fateful Days on the Battleship Potemkin. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN. 
  • Reviewed by Simon Sebag Montefiore in The Telegraph, April 26, 2007.
• Zebroski, Robert (2003). "The Battleship Potemkin and Its Discontents, 1905". in Christopher M. Bell and Bruce A. Elleman. Naval Mutinies of the Twentieth Century: An International Perspective. London: Frank Cass Publishers. ISBN. 

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

Category:Battleship Potemkin

• "Battleship "Kniaz Potemkin Tavricheskiy"". flot.sevastopol.info. http://flot.sevastopol.info/eng/ship/predreadnoughts/potemkin.htm. 
• "Panteleimon". www.steelnavy.com. http://www.steelnavy.com/CombrigPanteleimon.htm.  Aimed at model builders
• "Potemkin". ship.bsu.by. http://ship.bsu.by/main.asp?id=.  (Russian)
• "Potemkin sailor monument". 2odessa.com. http://www.2odessa.com/wiki/index.php?title=Potemkin_sailor_monument.  Monument in Odessa, explanation of the mutiny
• "Battleship "Kniaz Potemkin Tavricheskiy"". flot.sevastopol.info. http://flot.sevastopol.info/eng/ship/predreadnoughts/potemkin.htm. 
• "Potemkin sailor monument". 2odessa.com. http://www.2odessa.com/wiki/index.php?title=Potemkin_sailor_monument.  Monument in Odessa, explanation of the mutiny
• "The Latest News Report". www.marxists.org. http://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1905/jul/10d.htm.  A First Hand News Article on the Mutiny
• "A meeting with the only living survivor of the Potemkin, Ivan Beshoff in Dublin, Ireland, 1987.". www.shostakovichinireland.com. http://www.shostakovichinireland.com/potemkin.htm.