USS Maine (ACR-1)

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This article is about the ship sunk in Havana, 1898. For other ships of the same name, see USS Maine.
"The Maine" redirects here. For the band, see The Maine (band).
USS "Maine" entering Havana Harbor on 25 January 1898, where the ship would explode three weeks later
USS Maine entering Havana Harbor on 25 January 1898, where the ship would explode three weeks later
Career (US) 100x35px
Name: Maine
Namesake: State of Maine
Ordered: 3 August 1886
Builder: New York Naval Shipyard, Brooklyn, New York
Cost: $4,677,788.75
Laid down: 17 October 1888
Launched: 18 November 1890
Sponsored by: Alice Tracy Wilmerding
Commissioned: 17 September 1895
Fate: Sunk by mysterious explosion in Havana Harbor, Havana, Cuba, 15 February 1898
Status: Remains scuttled in the Strait of Florida, 16 March 1912
General characteristics
Type: Pre-dreadnought battleship
Displacement: 6,682 long tons (6,789 t)
Length: 324 ft 4 in (98.9 m)
Beam: 57 ft (17.4 m)
Draft: 22 ft 6 in (6.9 m)
Installed power: 9,293 ihp (6,930 kW)
Propulsion: 2 × shafts, 2 × vertical triple expansion steam engines, 8 × boilers
Speed: 16.45 kn (30.47 km/h; 18.93 mph)
Complement: 374 officers and men
Armament:

2 × 2 - 10 in (254 mm) guns
6 × 1 - 6 in (152 mm) guns
7 × 1 - Driggs-Schroeder 6-pounder (57 mm (2.2 in)) guns
4 × 1 - 1-pounder (37 mm (1.5 in)) Hotchkiss guns
4 × 1 - Driggs-Schroeder 1-pounder (37 mm (1.5 in)) guns

4 × 18 in (457 mm) torpedo tubes
Armor:

Belt: 12 in (305 mm)
Deck: 2–3 in (51–76 mm)
Turrets: 8 in (203 mm)
Conning tower: 10 in (254 mm)

Bulkheads: 6 in (152 mm)

USS Maine (ACR-1) was the United States Navy's second commissioned pre-dreadnought battleship,[1][Note 1] although she was originally classified as an armored cruiser. She is best known for her catastrophic loss in Havana harbor. Maine had been sent to Havana, Cuba to protect U.S. interests during the Cuban revolt against Spain.[2] On the evening of 15 February 1898, she suddenly exploded, and swiftly sank, killing nearly three quarters of her crew.[3] Though then, as now, the cause and responsibility for her sinking were unclear; popular opinion in the U.S. blamed Spain, and the sinking (popularized in the phrase Remember the Maine, to Hell with Spain!) was one of the precipitating events of the Spanish–American War.[3][4] Her sinking remains the subject of speculation, with various authors proposing that she sank due to the results of an undetected fire in one of her coal bunkers,[3] that she was the victim of a naval mine,[3] and that she was deliberately sunk for the purposes of driving the U.S. into a war with Spain. The cause of the explosion that sank the ship remains a mystery.[3]

Background

The delivery of the Brazilian battleship Riachuelo in 1883 and the acquisition of other armored warships by Brazil, Argentina and Chile shortly afterwards alarmed the United States government as the Brazilian Navy was now the most powerful in the Western Hemisphere. The Chairman of the House Naval Affairs Committee, Hilary A. Herbert, stated to Congress: "if all this old navy of ours were drawn up in battle array in mid-ocean and confronted by the Riachuelo it is doubtful whether a single vessel bearing the American flag would get into port."[5]

The Navy Advisory Board, confronted with the possibility of hostile warships operating off the American coast, began planning for ships to protect it in 1884. The ships would have to fit within existing docks and had to have a shallow draft to enable them to use all the major American ports and bases. Its maximum beam was similarly fixed and the board concluded that at a length of about 300 feet (91 m), the maximum displacement was thus about 7,000 tons. A year later the Bureau of Construction and Repair presented two designs to Secretary of the Navy William Collins Whitney, one for a 7,500-ton battleship and one for a 5,000-ton armored cruiser. Whitney decided instead to ask Congress for two 6,000-ton warships and they were authorized in August 1886. A design contest was held, asking naval architects to submit designs for the two ships: armored cruiser Maine and battleship Texas. It was specified that Maine had to have a speed of 17 knots (20 mph; 31 km/h), a ram bow, double bottom, and be able carry two torpedo boats. Her armament was specified as: four 10 inches (250 mm) guns, six 6 inches (150 mm) guns, various light weapons, and six torpedo tubes. It was specifically stated that the main guns "must afford heavy bow and stern fire."[6] Armor thickness and many details were also defined. Specifications for Texas were similar, but demanded a main battery of two 12 inches (300 mm) guns and slightly thicker armor.[7]

File:Plan of the first battleship Maine.JPG
Deck plan of theMaine

The winning design for the Maine was from the Bureau of Construction and Repair, while the winning design for the Texas was from a British designer, William John, who was working for the Barrow Shipbuilding Company at that time. Both designs resembled the Brazilian battleship Riachuelo, having the main gun turrets sponsoned out over the sides of the ship and echeloned.[8] The need for cross-deck fire caused the superstructure to be separated into three structures to allow for each gun to fire between the sections of the superstructure. This significantly limited the gun's ability to fire to the opposite beam as the superstructure still restricted each gun's arc of fire.[6] The echeloned turrets was a logical result given the specific demand for heavy end-on fire, as this placement allowed both turrets to fire fore and aft.[8] Broadside fire was sacrificed in this arrangement, a key factor when using a line of battle tactic. As the United States lacked ships to form a line with at the time,[9] the ships were instead to charge and try to ram the enemy.[6]

Design

File:USS Maine h60255a.jpg
View of USS Maine

General characteristics

Maine was 324 feet 4 inches (98.9 m) long overall. She had a beam of 57 feet (17.4 m) and a maximum draft of 22 feet 6 inches (6.9 m). She displaced 6,682 long tons (6,789.2 t).[10] A centerline longitudinal watertight bulkhead separated the engines. Her double bottom only covered the hull from the foremast to the aft end of the armored citadel.[11] She had a metacentric height of 3.45 feet (1.1 m) as designed and was fitted with a ram bow.[12]

Propulsion

Maine's machinery was built by the N.F. Palmer Jr. & Company's Quintard Iron Works, of New York.[13] She had two inverted vertical triple-expansion steam engines with a total designed output of 9,293 indicated horsepower (6,930 kW). Eight single-ended Scotch marine boilers provided steam to the engines at a working pressure of 135 pounds per square inch (930 kPa; 9.5 kgf/cm2) at a temperature Template:Convert/LoffAoffDbSoffT. On trials, she reached a speed of 16.45 knots (30.47 km/h; 18.93 mph), failing to meet her contract speed of 17 knots (31 km/h; 20 mph).[10] She carried a maximum load of 896 long tons (910 t) of coal.[12] She carried two small dynamos to power her searchlights and provide interior lighting.[11]

Armament

Maine's main armament consisted of four 10-inch (254 mm)/35 cal Mark II guns mounted in twin hydraulically powered turrets. These guns had a maximum elevation of 15° and could depress to −3°. 90 rounds per gun were carried. They fired a 520 pounds (236 kg) shell at a muzzle velocity of 2,000 feet per second (610 m/s) to a range of 20,000 yards (18,000 m) at maximum elevation.[14]

The six 6-inch (152 mm) guns were mounted in casemates in the hull, two each at the bow and stern and the last two amidships.[13] Data is lacking, but they could probably depress to −7° and elevate to +12°. They fired shells that weighed 105 pounds (48 kg) with a muzzle velocity of about 1,950 feet per second (590 m/s). They had a maximum range less than 9,000 yards (8,200 m) at maximum elevation.[15]

The anti-torpedo boat armament consisted of seven 57-millimeter (2.2 in) Driggs-Schroeder six-pounder guns mounted on the superstructure deck.[13] They fired a shell weighing about 6 lb (2.7 kg) at a muzzle velocity of about 1,765 feet per second (538 m/s) at a rate of 20 rounds per minute to a range of less than 8,700 yards (7,955 m).[16] The lighter armament comprised four each 37-millimeter (1.5 in) Hotchkiss and Driggs-Schroeder one-pounder guns. Four of these were mounted on the superstructure deck, two were mounted in small casemates at the extreme stern and one was mounted in each fighting top.[13] They fired a shell weighing about 1.1 pounds (0.50 kg) at a muzzle velocity of about 2,000 feet per second (610 m/s) at a rate of 30 rounds per minute to a range about 3,500 yards (3,200 m).[17]

Maine had four 18-inch (457 mm) above-water torpedo tubes, two on each broadside. In addition, she was designed to carry two 14.8 long tons (15.0 t) steam-powered torpedo boats, each with a single 14-inch (356 mm) torpedo tube and a one-pounder gun. Only one was built, but it had a top speed of only a little over 12 knots (22 km/h; 14 mph) so it was transferred to the Naval Torpedo Station at Newport, Rhode Island as a training craft.[18][Note 2]

Armor

The main waterline belt, made of nickel-steel, had a maximum thickness of 12 inches (305 mm) and tapered to 7 inches (178 mm) at its lower edge. It was 180 feet (54.9 m) long and covered the machinery spaces and the 10-inch magazines. It was 7 feet (2.1 m) high, of which 3 feet (0.9 m) was above the design waterline. It angled inwards for 17 feet (5.2 m) at each end, thinning to 8 inches (203 mm), to provide protection against raking fire. A 6-inch transverse bulkhead closed off the forward end of the armored citadel. The forward portion of the 2 inches (51 mm) thick protective deck ran from the bulkhead all the way to the bow and served to stiffen the ram. The deck sloped downwards to the sides, but its thickness increased to 3 inches (76 mm). The rear portion of the protective deck sloped downwards towards the stern, below the waterline to protect the propeller shafts and steering gear. The sides of the circular turrets were eight inches thick. The barbettes were twelve inches thick with their lower portions reduced to ten inches. The conning tower had ten-inch walls. Its voicepipes and electrical leads were protected by an armored tube 4.5 inches (114 mm) thick.[19]

Construction

File:Uss maine color.jpg
"The Last Sunset of the Maine". Illustration from Our Country in War by Murat Halstead
File:USS Maine ACR-1 in Havana harbor before explosion 1898.jpg
Stern View of the "USS Maine"

Maine, the first U.S. Navy ship to be named for the state of Maine, was a 6,682-long-ton (6,789 t) second-class pre-dreadnought battleship originally designated as Armored Cruiser #1.[20] Congress authorized her construction on 3 August 1886, and her keel was laid down on 17 October 1888, at the Brooklyn Navy Yard. She was launched on 18 November 1889, sponsored by Ms. Alice Tracey Wilmerding (granddaughter of Navy Secretary Benjamin F. Tracy), and commissioned on 17 September 1895, under the command of Captain Arent S. Crowninshield.[21]

Sinking

File:USSMaine.jpg
Wreckage of Maine, 1898

Maine spent her active career operating along the East Coast of the United States and the Caribbean. In January 1898, Maine was sent from Key West, Florida, to Havana, Cuba, to protect U.S. interests during a time of local insurrection and civil disturbances. Three weeks later, at 21:40 on 15 February, an explosion on board Maine occurred in the Havana Harbor. Later investigations revealed that more than 5 long tons (5.1 t) of powder charges for the vessel's six and ten-inch guns had detonated, obliterating the forward third of the ship.[22] The remaining wreckage rapidly settled to the bottom of the harbor. Most of Maine's crew were sleeping or resting in the enlisted quarters in the forward part of the ship when the explosion occurred. 266 men lost their lives as a result of the explosion or shortly thereafter, and eight more died later from injuries. Captain Charles Sigsbee and most of the officers survived because their quarters were in the aft portion of the ship. Altogether, there were only 89 survivors, 18 of whom were officers.[23] On 21 March, the US Naval Court of Inquiry in Key West declared that a naval mine caused the explosion.[24]

The explosion was a precipitating cause of the Spanish–American War that began in April 1898. Advocates of the war used the rallying cry, "Remember the Maine! To hell with Spain!"[4][25][26][27][28] The episode focused national attention on the crisis in Cuba but was not cited by the William McKinley administration as a casus belli, though it was cited by some who were already inclined to go to war with Spain over their perceived atrocities and loss of control in Cuba.[29][30]

The investigations

In addition to the inquiry commissioned by the Spanish Government to naval officers Del Peral and De Salas, two Naval Courts of Inquiry were ordered: The Sampson board in 1898 and the Vreeland board in 1911. In 1976, Admiral Hyman G. Rickover commissioned a private investigation into the explosion and the National Geographic Society did an investigation in 1999 using computer simulations. All investigations agreed that an explosion of the forward magazines caused the destruction of the ship, but different conclusions were reached how the magazines could explode.[30][31]

1898 Del Peral and De Salas Inquiry

The Spanish inquiry, conducted by Del Peral and De Salas, collected evidence from officers of naval artillery who had examined the remains of Maine. Del Peral and De Salas identified the spontaneous combustion of the coal bunker that was located adjacent to the munition stores in the Maine as the likely cause of the explosion. Additional observations included that:

  1. had a mine been the cause of the explosion a column of water would have been observed
  2. the wind and the waters were calm on that date and hence a mine could not have been detonated by contact but using electricity, but no cables had been found
  3. no dead fish were found in the harbour as would be expected following an explosion in the water
  4. the munition stores usually do not explode when mines sink ships.

The conclusions of the report were not reported at that time by the American press.[32]

1898 Sampson Board's Court of Inquiry

File:Sampsonboard.jpg
1898 Sampson Board

In order to find the cause of the explosion a naval inquiry was ordered by the United States shortly after the incident, headed by Captain William T. Sampson. Ramón Blanco y Erenas, Spanish governor of Cuba, had proposed instead a joint Spanish-American investigation of the sinking.[33] Captain Sigsbee had written that "many Spanish officers, including representatives of General Blanco, now with us to express sympathy."[34] In a cable, the Spanish Minister of Colonies, Segismundo Moret, had advised Blanco “to gather every fact you can to prove the Maine catastrophe cannot be attributed to us.”[35]

The Board arrived on 21 February and took testimonies of survivors, witnesses and divers (who were sent down to investigate the wreck). The Sampson Board concluded that Maine had been blown up by a mine, which in turn caused the explosion of her forward magazines. They reached this conclusion based on the fact that the majority of witnesses had heard two explosions and that part of the keel was bent inwards.[30] The official report from the board, which was presented to the Navy Department in Washington, D.C. on 21 March, specifically stated the following:

At frame 18 the vertical keel is broken in two and the flat keel is bent at an angle similar to the angle formed by the outside bottom plating. [...] In the opinion of the court, this effect could have been produced only by the explosion of a mine situated under the bottom of the ship at about frame 18, and somewhat on the port side of the ship." (part of the court's 5th finding)

"In the opinion of the court, the MAINE was destroyed by the explosion of a submarine mine, which caused the partial explosion of two or more of her forward magazines." (the court's 7th finding) and

"The court has been unable to obtain evidence fixing the responsibility for the destruction of the Maine upon any person or persons." (the court's 8th finding).[24]

1911 Vreeman Board's Court of Inquiry

File:Wreck uss maine.jpg
Wreckage of Maine 16 June 1911

In 1910 the decision was made to do a second Court of Inquiry. The reasons for this were the recovery of the bodies of the victims so they could be buried in the United States and a desire for a more thorough investigation. The fact that the Cuban government wanted the wreck removed from the harbour of Havana might also have played a role. Begun in December 1910, a cofferdam was built around the wreck and water was pumped out, exposing the wreck by late 1911. From 20 November-2 December 1911, a court of inquiry headed by Rear Admiral Charles E. Vreeland visited the wreck. They concluded that an external explosion had triggered the explosion of the magazines, however this explosion was farther aft and lower powered then concluded by the Sampson Board. The Vreeman Board also found that the bending of frame 18 was caused by the explosion of the magazines, not by the external explosion.[30] After the investigation, the newly-located dead were buried in Arlington National Cemetery and the hollow, intact portion of the hull of Maine was refloated and ceremoniously scuttled at sea on 16 March 1912.[36]

1974 Rickover investigation

Admiral Hyman G. Rickover became intrigued with the disaster and began a private investigation in 1974. Using information from the two official inquiries, newspapers, personal papers and information on the construction and ammunition of Maine it was concluded that the explosion was not caused by a mine. Instead spontaneous combustion of coal in the bunker next to magazine was speculated to be the most likely cause. The Admiral published a book about this investigation, How the Battleship Maine Was Destroyed, in 1976.[37]

1998 National Geographic investigation

In 1998, National Geographic Magazine commissioned an analysis by Advanced Marine Enterprises. This investigation, done to commemorate the centennial of the sinking of Maine, was based on computer modeling, a technique unavailable for previous investigations. The conclusions reached were "while a spontaneous combustion in a coal bunker can create ignition-level temperatures in adjacent magazines, this is not likely to have occurred on the Maine, because the bottom plating identified as Section 1 would have blown outward, not inward," and "The sum of these findings is not definitive in proving that a mine was the cause of sinking of the Maine, but it does strengthen the case in favor of a mine as the cause."[31] Some experts, including Admiral Rickover’s team and several analysts at AME, do not agree with the conclusion.[31]

False flag conspiracy hypothesis

It has been suggested by some that the sinking was a false flag operation conducted by the U.S.

  • Mikhail Khazin, a Russian economist who once ran the cultural section at Komsomolskaya Pravda, speaking in a 2008 Pravda interview of the need in troubled times to change the psychology of society, to unite it, said that "the Americans blew up their own battleship Maine."[38]
  • Richard Williamson, bishop of the Society of St. Pius X, thinks that "There is serious reason to believe – that in 1898, it was not the Spaniards who sank the 'USS Maine'; that in 1917, it was not the Germans who set up the 'Lusitania' as a target; that in 1941 it was not the Japanese who set up Pearl Harbor for attack; that in 1963 it was not Lee Harvey Oswald who killed President Kennedy".[39]
  • Eliades Acosta, a prominent Cuban historian, head of the Cuban Communist Party's Committee on Culture and former director of the Jose Marti National Library in Habana, offered the standard Cuban interpretation of the sinking of the Maine: that the United States itself probably did it, in an interview to The New York Times. But Dr. Acosta adds that "Americans died for the freedom of Cuba, and that should be recognized. But others wanted to annex Cuba, and that should be criticized. If relations with the United States improve, all these things can be re-examined more fairly".[40]
  • Cuban officials argue that the U.S. may have deliberately sunk the ship to create a pretext for military action against Spain. The wording on the monument describes Maine's sailors as "victims sacrificed to the imperialist greed in its fervour to seize control of Cuba",[41] which "alludes to the theory that U.S. agents deliberately blew up their own ship to create a pretext for declaring war on Spain".[42] (The United States occupied Cuba between 1898 and 1902 and, as promised in the Teller Amendment, did not attempt to annex the island.)

Crew

The ship's crew consisted of 355:

  • 26 Officers
  • 290 sailors
  • 39 Marines

of whom:

  • 261 were fatalities
  • 2 officers/251 sailors/marines killed/drowned
  • 7 died of wounds+ 1 officer died of shock
  • 94 were survivors of whom 77 sailors/marines only 16 were uninjured[43]

Memorials

File:USS Maine Mast.jpg
Memorial at Arlington National Cemetery centered on the ship's main mast

In February 1898, the recovered bodies of sailors who died on Maine were interred in the Colon Cemetery, Havana. Some injured sailors were sent to hospitals in Havana and Key West, Florida. Those who died in hospitals were buried in Key West. In December 1899, the bodies in Havana were disinterred and brought back to the United States for burial at Arlington National Cemetery[44] where there is a memorial to those who died and which includes the ship's main mast. 165 were buried at Arlington—although remains of one sailor were exhumed for his home town; of the rest only 62 were known.[45] Some bodies were never recovered and the crewmen buried in Key West Cemetery remain there under a statue of a U.S. sailor holding an oar.[46]

There is also a memorial, consisting of the shield and scrollwork from the bow of the ship, in Bangor, Maine. The base of Maine's conning tower is currently on display at Westbrook Veterans' Memorial Park in Canton, Ohio, hometown of President McKinley. Shells from the main battery were placed along with small plaques as memorials at the Soldier's Home in Marion, Indiana (now a VA Hospital and national cemetery), at the St. Joseph County Courthouse lawn in South Bend, Indiana, and at the Old Soldiers' Home in Minneapolis, Minnesota. A shell from the main battery is located just inside of the Pine St. entrance of city hall in Lewiston, Maine. There is a monument for Maine with a portion of a bronze engine room ventilator shaft in Pompton Lakes, New Jersey.[47] The capstan of the ship was secured for Charleston, South Carolina where it was displayed on the Battery until 2006; it is currently awaiting reinstallation.[48]

File:MaineMonument1200.jpg
Monument to victims of Maine in Havana, Cuba, c. 1930

The explosion-bent fore mast of Maine is located at the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis, Maryland, causing a traditional in-joke among midshipmen that Maine, with its main mast in Arlington National Cemetery (Northern Virginia) and its fore mast in Annapolis, is the longest ship in the Navy.[49]

File:USS Maine Mounment (1913), New York, NY (P1010836).JPG
USS Maine Monument in New York City

On 9 May 1910, Congress authorized the raising of Maine to remove it as a navigation hazard in Havana Harbor and for the proper interment of the bodies of the crew in Arlington National Cemetery. The Army Corps of Engineers built a cofferdam around her wreck and the water was pumped out from inside the cofferdam. By 30 June 1911, her main deck was exposed and it was revealed that the ship forward of Frame 41 was entirely destroyed. At the very bow all that was left was a twisted mass of steel that was out of line with the rest of the hull and retained no resemblance to a ship. A watertight bulkhead was built across the front of the after section of the ship, which was in surprisingly good shape, to allow the ship to be refloated. On 10 February 1912, water was let back into the interior of the cofferdam and she broke free from the mud. The cofferdam was full by 13 February and she was towed out of the cofferdam on 15 March by the tug Osceola. The bodies of her crew were then removed to the armored cruiser North Carolina for repatriation. The following morning she was towed out past the three mile limit by Osceola, escorted by North Carolina and the light cruiser Birmingham. Her sea cocks were opened and she sank in 600 fathoms (Template:Convert/ft m) of water to the salutes of Birmingham and North Carolina.[50] During the salvage, remains of 66 more were found, of whom only one (an engineering officer) was identified and returned to his home town; the rest were reburied at Arlington Cemetery making a total of 229 buried there.[45]

In 1913, a USS Maine Monument was completed and dedicated in New York City. Located at the SW corner of Central Park at the Merchant's Gate entrance to the park.[51] On the park side of the monument is fixed a memorial plaque that was cast in metal salvaged from the ship.[52]

In 1914, one of Maine's six anchors was taken from the Washington Navy Yard to City Park in Reading, Pennsylvania, and dedicated during a ceremony presided over by Franklin D. Roosevelt, who was then assistant secretary of the navy.[53]

In 1926, the Cuban government also erected a memorial to the victims of Maine on the Malecon, near the Hotel Nacional in commemoration of the assistance of the United States in acquiring Cuba's independence from Spain. The memorial was damaged by crowds following the Bay of Pigs Invasion in 1961 and the eagle on top was broken and removed.[54] The Communist government then added its own inscription blaming "imperialist voracity in its eagerness to seize the island of Cuba" for the Maine disaster.[54][55]

Photo gallery

  • Maine baseball.jpg
    USS Maine baseball team: John Bloomer at upper left was only survivor; William Lambert (Upper right) was the pitcher.[56]
  • USSMaineunknown.JPG
    The grave marker for an unknown USS Maine crewmen at Arlington National Cemetery (only 62 of the 229 buried here are known by name)

Notes

  1. ↑ Reilly & Scheina, p. 35
  2. ↑ "Sinking of USS Maine, 15 February 1898" Naval History & Heritage Command. retrieved 15 Feb 2010
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 "The Destruction of USS Maine" Naval History & Heritage Command. retrieved 15 Feb 2010
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 The Spanish-American War (1898). State of Maine: Secretary of State: Bureau of Corporations, Elections, and Commissions. http://maine.gov/sos/cec/elec/voter_info/veteran/spanish.htm. Retrieved 11 February 2008 
  5. ↑ Reilly & Scheina, American Battleships 1886–1905, p. 21
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Reilly & Scheina, p. 24
  7. ↑ Friedman, U.S. Battleships, pp. 20–21
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Friedman, U.S. Battleships, p. 21
  9. ↑ Reilly & Scheina, p. 22
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Reilly & Scheina, p. 32
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Reilly & Scheina, p. 28
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Reilly & Scheina, p. 33
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 Reilly & Scheina, p. 26
  14. ↑ "United States of America 10"/31 (25.4 cm) Mark 1 Mod 0 and Mod 1 10"/35 (25.4 cm) Mark 1 Mod 2 10"/30 (25.4 cm) Mark 2". Navweaps.com. 19 September 2008. http://www.navweaps.com/Weapons/WNUS_10-30_mk1.htm. Retrieved 9 March 2010. 
  15. ↑ "United States of America 6"/30, 6"/35 and 6"/40 (15.2 cm) Marks 1, 2, 3, 4 and 7". Navweps.com. 25 December 2008. http://www.navweaps.com/Weapons/WNUS_6-30_mk1.htm. Retrieved 9 March 2010. 
  16. ↑ "United States of America 6-pdr (2.72 kg) [2.244" (57 mm) Marks 1 through 13"]. 6 April 2008. http://www.navweaps.com/Weapons/WNUS_6pounder_m1.htm. Retrieved 22 December 2009. 
  17. ↑ "United States of America 1-pdr (0.45 kg) [1.46" (37 mm) Marks 1 through 15"]. Navweps.com. 15 August 2008. http://www.navweaps.com/Weapons/WNUS_1pounder_m1.htm. Retrieved 22 December 2009. 
  18. ↑ Reilly & Scheina, pp. 28, 30
  19. ↑ Reilly & Scheina, pp. 26–28
  20. ↑ "USS ''Maine'' (Navy Historical Center)". History.navy.mil. 17 November 1998. http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/sh-usn/usnsh-m/maine.htm. Retrieved 28 March 2010. 
  21. ↑ "Maine". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Navy Department, Naval History & Heritage Command. http://www.history.navy.mil/danfs/m2/maine-i.htm. Retrieved 8 April 2010. 
  22. ↑ Michael J. Crawford; Mark L. Hayes; Michael D. Sessions. The Spanish–American War : Historical Overview and Select Bibliography. Naval Historical Center, U.S. Department of the Navy. http://www.history.navy.mil/biblio/biblio7/biblio7a.htm. Retrieved 15 February 2010 
  23. ↑ "Naval Historical Center". History.navy.mil. 6 February 1998. http://www.history.navy.mil/faqs/faq71-3.htm. Retrieved 28 March 2010. 
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 "Official Report of the Naval Court of Inquiry into the loss of the Battleship MAINE (Sampson Board)". spanamwar.com. 22 March 1898. http://www.spanamwar.com/mainerpt.htm. Retrieved 22 January 2008 
  25. ↑ (PDF) A FEW SPANIARDS FLEE; Not Many Accept Free Transportation from Here to Havana on the Panama. CROWDS SEE THEM DEPART Shouts of Derision Follow the Vessel, Which Is Rumored to Have Munitions of War Aboard – The Seneca Also Sails. The New York Times. 21 April 1898. http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9405E1DF1F3DE433A25752C2A9629C94699ED7CF. Retrieved 5 April 2008 
  26. ↑ Robert B. Edgerton (2005). Remember the Maine, to Hell with Spain. Edwin Mellen Press. ISBN 077346266X. http://books.google.com/?id=5VhnQgAACAAJ&dq=isbn:077346266X&cd=1. Retrieved 15 February 2010 
  27. ↑ O. P. Jons. Remember the MAINE. Transactions of the Wessex Institute. doi:10.2495/MH050131. http://library.witpress.com/pages/PaperInfo.asp?PaperID=14710. Retrieved 11 February 2008 
  28. ↑ Remember the "MAINE". U.S. Department of Transportation: National Transportation Library. http://ntlsearch.bts.gov/tris/record/tris/01001349.html. Retrieved 11 February 2008 
  29. ↑ Reilly & Scheina, p. 30
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 30.2 30.3 Edward P. McMorrow. "What Destroyed the USS MAINE - An opinion". spanamwar.com. http://www.spanamwar.com/Mainemo1.htm. Retrieved 7 April 2010 
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 Louis Fisher. Destruction of the Maine (1898). The Law Library of Congress. http://loc.gov/law/help/usconlaw/pdf/Maine.1898.pdf. Retrieved 8 April 2010 
  32. ↑ Hugh Thomas, Memoria del 98 (1997 edition), chapter 7 ("La explosión del Maine"), p. 104 (Spanish)
  33. ↑ "G.J.A. O’Toole, The Spanish War: An American Epic 1898 (New York: W.W. Norton, 1984), 128.
  34. ↑ O’Toole, p. 11
  35. ↑ O’Toole, p. 125
  36. ↑ Maine (2nd Class Battleship), NavSource Online: Battleship Photo Archive
  37. ↑ The destruction of USS Maine. Naval historical center. 13 August 2003. http://www.history.navy.mil/faqs/faq71-1.htm. Retrieved 7 April 2010 
  38. ↑ Mikhail Khazin, "In 3 years, most of our oligarchs will go bankrupt", an interview with Komsomolskaya Pravda, 29 October 2008 (Russian)
  39. ↑ Bishop Richard Williamson, "The Society of St. Pius X: mired in anti-Semitism", Anti-Defamation League, 26 January 2009
  40. ↑ Remember the Maine? Cubans See an American Plot Continuing to This Day, The New York Times, 14 February 1998
  41. ↑ Remembering the Maine, CNN, 15 February 1998
  42. ↑ Conner Gorry and David Stanley, "Cuba travel guide", ISBN 1740591208, 3rd edition, 2004, p. 82
  43. ↑ Annual report of the Surgeon General of the US Navy 1898 .p. 173
  44. ↑ Patrick McSherry. "The First Funeral of the Crew of the Battleship MAINE". Spanamwar.com. http://www.spanamwar.com/mainefuneral.html. Retrieved 28 March 2010. 
  45. ↑ 45.0 45.1 The USS Maine Mast Memorial, Arlington Cemetery website
  46. ↑ "US Army Quartermaster Report of 1912.p. 511". Books.google.com. 29 November 2007. http://books.google.com/books?id=IikSAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA510&dq=Burials+of+USS+Maine+sailors&lr=&cd=6#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved 24 April 2010. 
  47. ↑ "USS Battleship Maine". Borough of Pompton Lakes, N.J.. http://www.pomptonlakesgov.com/cit-e-access/webpage.cfm?TID=36&TPID=5051. Retrieved 15 February 2008. 
  48. ↑ "Maine Relics Are Here", The Evening Post (Charleston, SC), 11 September 1913 
  49. ↑ "2001 Navy crew media guide". http://www.netitor.com/photos/schools/navy/sports/m-crew/auto_pdf/crewmg.pdf. Retrieved 8 April 2010. 
  50. ↑ Allen, Francis J. (1998). "Honoring the Heroes: The Raising of the Wreck of the U.S. Battleship Maine". Warship International (Toldeo, OH: International Naval Record Organization) XXXV (4): 386–405. ISSN 0043-0374. 
  51. ↑ "MONUMENT TO MAINE HEROES READY FOR UNVEILING". The New York Times. 25 May 1913. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9A01E2D8103BE633A25756C2A9639C946296D6CF. Retrieved 27 May 2010. "Distinguished Guests and Imposing Ceremonies at the Dedication on Memorial Day—Fleet of Seventeen Ships and 5,000 Bluejackets Will Participate."  Published: 25 May 1913
  52. ↑ "U.S.S. Maine National Monument". http://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/centralpark/monuments/966. Retrieved 8 April 2010. 
  53. ↑ Cuyler, Greta (11 August). "Group recalls dedication of anchor from U.S. warship in Reading's City Park". Reading Eagle. http://readingeagle.com/article.aspx?id=101544. Retrieved 8 April 2010 
  54. ↑ 54.0 54.1 Baker, Christopher P., "Moon Cuba", Avalon Travel Publishing; 4th edition (9 October 2006), ISBN 1566918022
  55. ↑ The Rough Guide to Cuba ISBN 978 1 84353 811 0 p.159
  56. ↑ [1]

Footnotes

References

x28px Battleships portal
  • Alden, John D. (1989). American Steel Navy: A Photographic History of the U.S. Navy from the Introduction of the Steel Hull in 1883 to the Cruise of the Great White Fleet.. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-8702-1248-6. 
  • Friedman, Norman (1985). U.S. Battleships: An Illustrated Design History. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-8702-1715-1. 
  • Gardiner, Robert, ed (1979). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1860–1905. New York: Mayflower Books. ISBN 0-8317-0302-4. 
  • Reilly, John C.; Scheina, Robert L. (1980). American Battleships 1896–1923: Predreadnought Design and Construction. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-8702-1524-8. 

Further reading

  • Chapter 3, "U.S.S. Maine", pp. 80–114, John Harris, Without a Trace: A Fresh Investigation of Eight Lost Ships and Their Fates, Atheneum, 1981, hardcover, 244 pages, ISBN 0-689-11120-7.
  • Samuels, Peggy and Harold Samuels 1995. Remembering the Maine. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington DC and London ISBN 1-56098-4743-0.
  • Phiip S. Foner. The Spanish-Cuban-American War and the Birth of American Imperialism 1895–1902. 2 Volumes, New York/London 1972 (very detailed with plenty of sources from US archives).
  • Rickover, Hyman George. How the Battleship Maine was Destroyed. 2nd revised edition. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1995.ISBN 1557507171.
  • Weems, John Edward. The Fate of the Maine. College Station, Texas: Texas A&M University Press, 1992. ISBN 0890965013.
  • Blow, Michael. A Ship to Remember: The Maine and the Spanish-American War. New York: William Morrow & Co., 1992. ISBN 0688097146.
  • Allen, Thomas B. "Remember the Maine?" National Geographic, Vol. 193, No 2 (February 1998): 92–111.
  • Allen, Thomas B. ed. "What Really Sank the Maine?" Naval History 11 (March/April 1998): 30–39.

External links

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