Deepwater Horizon explosion

From SpottingWorld, the Hub for the SpottingWorld network...
For information on the oil spill, see Deepwater Horizon oil spill. For general information about the Deepwater Horizon drilling rig, see Deepwater Horizon.
Deepwater Horizon explosion
250px
Anchor handling tugs and platform supply vessels combat the fire on the Deepwater Horizon while the U.S. Coast Guard searches for missing crew.
Date April 20, 2010 (2010-04-20)
Time 22:00 UTC-6
Location Gulf of Mexico, Louisiana, United States 28°44.20′N 88°23.23′W / 28.7367°N 88.38717°W / 28.7367; -88.38717Coordinates: 28°44.20′N 88°23.23′W / 28.7367°N 88.38717°W / 28.7367; -88.38717
Casualties
Killed: 11
Injured: 17

The Deepwater Horizon drilling rig explosion refers to the April 20, 2010 explosion and subsequent fire on the Deepwater Horizon semi-submersible Mobile Offshore Drilling Unit (MODU), situated about 40 miles (64 km) southeast of the Louisiana coast in the Macondo Prospect oil field. The explosion killed 11 workers and injured 17 others; another 98 people survived without serious physical injury. It caused the Deepwater Horizon to burn and sink, and started a massive ongoing offshore oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico; this environmental disaster is now considered the largest in U.S. history.[1][2][3]

Background

Deepwater Horizon

Deepwater Horizon prior to destruction. The part of the structure providing buoyancy is invisible below the waterline in this image.
Main article: Deepwater Horizon
[[image:Template:Location map USA|250px|site of the explosion]]
<div style="position: absolute; z-index: 2; top: Expression error: Unrecognized punctuation character "[".%; left: Expression error: Unrecognized punctuation character "[".%; height: 0; width: 0; margin: 0; padding: 0;"><div style="position: relative; text-align: center; left: -Expression error: Unrecognized punctuation character "[".px; top: -Expression error: Unrecognized punctuation character "[".px; width: Template:Location map USApx; font-size: Template:Location map USApx;">Template:Location map USAxTemplate:Location map USApx
DW Horizon
Location of the Deepwater Horizon on April 20, 2010

The Deepwater Horizon was a floating semi-submersible Drilling Unit — a fifth-generation, ultra-deepwater, dynamically positioned, column-stabilized drilling rig. The platform was 396 feet (121 m) long and 256 feet (78 m) wide and could operate in waters up to 8,000 feet (2,400 m) deep, to a maximum drill depth of 30,000 feet (9,100 m).[4] Press releases from Transocean state the platform had historically been used for deeper wells, including the deepest underwater gas and oil well in history at 35,055 feet (10,685 m) in 2009.[5] The $560 million platform was built by Hyundai Heavy Industries in South Korea and completed in 2001.[6] It was owned by Transocean, operated under the Marshalese flag of convenience, and was under lease to BP until September 2013.[7] At the time of the explosion, the Deepwater Horizon was on Mississippi Canyon Block 252, referred to as the Macondo Prospect, in the United States sector of the Gulf of Mexico, about 41 miles (66 km) off the Louisiana coast.[8][9][10] In March 2008, the mineral rights to drill for oil on the Macondo Prospect were purchased by BP at the Minerals Management Service's lease sale.[11] The platform commenced drilling in February 2010 at a water depth of approximately 5,000 feet (1,500 m).[12] At the time of the explosion the rig was drilling an exploratory well.[13] The planned well was to be drilled to 18,360 feet (5,600 m) below sea level, and was to be plugged and suspended for subsequent completion as a subsea producer.[12] Production casing was being run and cemented at the time of the accident. Once the cementing was complete, it was due to be tested for integrity and a cement plug set to temporarily abandon the well for later completion as a subsea producer.[14]

Pre-explosion risks and precautions

In February 2009, BP filed a 52 page exploration and environmental impact plan for the Macondo well with the Minerals Management Service (MMS), an arm of the United States Department of the Interior that oversees offshore drilling. The plan stated that it was "unlikely that an accidental surface or subsurface oil spill would occur from the proposed activities".[15] In the event an accident did take place the plan stated that due to the well being 48 miles (77 km) from shore and the response capabilities that would be implemented, no significant adverse impacts would be expected.[15] The Department of the Interior exempted BP's Gulf of Mexico drilling operation from a detailed environmental impact study after concluding that a massive oil spill was unlikely.[16][17] In addition, following a loosening of regulations in 2008, BP was not required to file a detailed blowout plan.[18]

The BP wellhead had been fitted with a blowout preventer (BOP), but it was not fitted with remote-control or acoustically-activated triggers for use in case of an emergency requiring a platform to be evacuated. It did have a dead man's switch designed to automatically cut the pipe and seal the well if communication from the platform is lost, but it was unknown whether the switch was activated.[19] Documents discussed during congressional hearings June 17 indicated that BP previously made modifications to the BOP for the Macondo site which increased the risk of BOP failure, in spite of warnings from their contractor to that effect. Regulators in both Norway and Brazil generally require acoustically-activated triggers on all offshore platforms, but when the Minerals Management Service considered requiring the remote device, a report commissioned by the agency as well as drilling companies questioned its cost and effectiveness.[19] In 2003, the agency determined that the device would not be required because drilling rigs had other back-up systems to cut off a well.[19][20]

Pre-explosion problems and warnings

There had been numerous previous spills and fires on the Deepwater Horizon; the Coast Guard had issued pollution citations 18 times between 2000 and 2010, and had investigated 16 fires and other incidents. The previous fires, spills, and incidents were not considered unusual for a Gulf platform and have not been connected to the April, 2010 explosion and spill.[21] The Deepwater Horizon did, however, have other serious incidents, including one in 2008 in which 77 people were evacuated from the platform when it listed and began to sink after a section of pipe was accidentally removed from the platform's ballast system.[22] By April 20, the Deepwater Horizon well operation was already running five weeks late.[23] Internal BP documents show that BP engineers had concerns as early as 2009 that the metal casing BP wanted to use might collapse under high pressure.[24] In March 2010, the rig experienced problems that included drilling mud falling into the undersea oil formation, sudden gas releases, a pipe falling into the well, and at least three occasions of the blowout preventer leaking fluid.[24] The rig's mechanic has stated that the well had problems for months and that the drill repeatedly kicked due to high gas pressure providing resistance.[23] The levels of gas coming up from the well were twice as high as he'd ever seen in his career.[23]

According to a report by 60 Minutes, the blowout preventer was damaged in a previously unreported accident in late March 2010.[25][26] The American Bureau of Shipping last inspected the rig's failed blowout preventer in 2005.[27] According to Transocean, workers had been performing standard routines and had no indication of any problems prior to the explosion.[28] Preliminary findings from BP’s internal investigation released by the House Committee on Energy and Commerce on May 25 indicated several serious warning signs in the hours just prior to the explosion.[29][30] Equipment readings indicated gas bubbling into the well, which could signal an impending blowout.[24] The heavy drilling mud in the pipes initially held down the gas of the leaking well. [31] A BP official onboard the rig directed the crew to replace the drilling mud, which is used to keep the well's pressure down, with lighter seawater even though the rig's chief driller protested.[23] According to a number of rig workers, it was understood that workers could get fired for raising safety concerns that might delay drilling.[23]

On March 10, 2010, a BP executive e-mailed the Minerals Management Service that there was a stuck pipe and well control situation at the drilling site, and that BP would have to plugback the well.[32] A draft of a BP memo in April warned that the cementing of the casing was unlikely to be successful.[24] Halliburton has said that it had finished cementing 20 hours before the fire, but had not yet set the final cement plug.[21][33] A special nitrogen-foamed cement was used which is more difficult to handle than standard cement.[31]

A House Energy and Commerce Committee statement in June 2010 noted that in a number of cases leading up to the explosion, BP appears to have chosen riskier procedures to save time or money, sometimes against the advice of its staff or contractors.[34]

April 2010 explosion and fire

File:Deepwater Horizon fire seen by US Coast Guard helicopter.ogv
Supply boats continued to battle the fire, viewed from a Coast Guard helicopter

The fire aboard the Deepwater Horizon reportedly started at 9:56 p.m. CDT on April 20, 2010.[23] At the time, there were 126 crew on board: seven employees of BP, 79 of Transocean, as well as employees of various other companies involved in the operation of the rig, including Anadarko, Halliburton and M-I Swaco. [35]

According to Transocean executive Adrian Rose, abnormal pressure accumulated inside the marine riser and as it came up it "expanded rapidly and ignited".[14] According to interviews with platform workers conducted during BP's internal investigation, a bubble of methane gas escaped from the well and shot up the drill column, expanding quickly as it burst through several seals and barriers before exploding.[36] Rose said the event was basically a blowout.[14] Survivors described the incident as a sudden explosion which gave them less than five minutes to escape as the alarm went off.[37]

The explosion was followed by a fire that engulfed the platform. According to an unnamed witness, Deepwater Horizon installation manager Jimmy Harrell, an employee of Transocean, was speaking to someone in Houston, Texas when the fire started, and was heard screaming, "Are you fucking happy? Are you fucking happy? The rig's on fire! I told you this was gonna happen."[38] Survivors describe the scene as like the movie Titanic, and a fire so bright that they couldn't look at it.[23] Video of the fire shows billowing flames, taller than a multistory building, and a captain of a rescue boat described the heat as so intense that it was melting the paint off the boats.[39] After burning for more than a day, Deepwater Horizon sank on April 22, 2010.[40] The Coast Guard stated to CNN on April 22 that they received word of the sinking at approximately 10:21 am.[41]

Casualties and rescue efforts

File:US Coast Guard HH-60 medevac Deepwater Horizon rig.jpg
A helicopter crew medevac survivors from Deepwater Horizon after an explosion and fire caused the crew of the vessel to evacuate.

Survivors

According to officials, 126 individuals were on board, of whom 79 were Transocean employees, six were from BP, and 41 were contracted; of these, 115 individuals were evacuated.[28] Most of the workers evacuated the rig and took diesel-powered fiberglass lifeboats to the M/V Damon B Bankston, a workboat that BP had hired to service the rig.[42][43] Seventeen others were then evacuated from the workboat by helicopter.[28] Most survivors were brought to Port Fourchon for a medical check-up and to meet their families.[44] Although 94 workers were taken to shore with no major injuries, four were transported to another vessel, and 17 were sent to trauma centers in Mobile, Alabama and Marrero, Louisiana.[28] Most were soon released.[28][45][46] When the blowout occurred, 4 BP and Transocean executives were on board the platform for a tour of the rig, maintenance planning, annual goals review, a "Drops" safety campaign, and to congratulate the senior staff of the rig for 7 years of operations without a lost time incident (MMS reports show a lost time accident occurred 2008-03-06 on a service vessel at a lease being worked by the Deepwater Horizon, in preparation for a crane operation under control of the Deepwater Horizon);[47] they were injured but survived.[36] Lawyers for some survivors of the blast claim that their clients were kept in boats and on another rig for 15 hours or more before being brought to shore and when they did get to shore, "they were zipped into private buses, there was security there, there was no press, no lawyers allowed, nothing, no family members."[48] They were then driven to a hotel under escort, secluded at the hotel for hours, questioned by company consultants and investigators and then given a form to sign before being released.[48] These claims are denied by Transocean.[49]

Missing and presumed dead

Initial reports indicated that between 12 to 15 workers were missing;[50] reports soon narrowed the number of missing to nine crew members on the platform floor and two engineers.[36] The United States Coast Guard immediately launched a massive rescue operation involving two Coast Guard cutters, four helicopters, and a rescue plane.[51][52] Two of the cutters continued searching through the night. By the morning of April 22, the Coast Guard had surveyed nearly 1,940 square miles (5,000 km2).[42] On April 23, the Coast Guard called off the search for the 11 missing persons, concluding that "reasonable expectations of survival" had passed.[46][53] Officials concluded that the missing workers may have been near the blast and unable to escape the sudden explosion.[54]

The 11 men killed in the explosion were Jason Anderson, 35, Midfield, Texas; Aaron Dale Burkeen, 37, Philadelphia, Mississippi; Donald Clark, 34, Newellton, Louisiana; Stephen Curtis, 39, Georgetown, Louisiana; Gordon Jones, 28, Baton Rouge, Louisiana; Roy Wyatt Kemp, 27, Jonesville, Louisiana; Karl Klepping, 38, Natchez, Mississippi; Blair Manuel, 56, Eunice, Louisiana; Dewey Revette, 48, State Line, Mississippi; Shane Roshto, 22, Franklin County, Mississippi; and Adam Weise, 24, Yorktown, Texas. Jones and Manuel were employees of M-I-Swaco, while the other nine worked for Transocean.[55][56]

Discovery of oil spill

Main article: Deepwater Horizon oil spill
File:ROV Deepwater Horizon BOP.jpg
A remotely operated underwater vehicle attempting to turn on the Deepwater Horizon blowout preventer

On the morning of April 22, 2010 (two days after the blowout accident), CNN quoted Coast Guard Petty Officer Ashley Butler as saying that "oil was leaking from the rig at the rate of about 8,000 barrels (Template:Convert/USgal L) of crude per day."[57] That afternoon, as a large oil slick spread, Coast Guard Senior Chief Petty Officer Michael O'Berry used the same figure. Two remotely operated underwater vehicles (ROVs) were sent down to attempt to cap the well, but had been unsuccessful.[41] Butler warned of a leak of up to 700,000 US gallons (17,000 bbl) of diesel fuel, and BP Vice President David Rainey termed the incident as being a potential "major spill."[41]

On April 22, BP announced that it was deploying a remotely operated underwater vehicle to the site to assess whether oil was flowing from the well.[58] Other reports indicated that BP was using more than one remotely operated underwater vehicle and that the purpose was to attempt to plug the well pipe.[59] On April 23, a remotely operated underwater vehicle reportedly found no oil leaking from the sunken rig and no oil flowing from the well.[60] Coast Guard Rear Admiral Mary Landry expressed cautious optimism of zero environmental impact, stating that no oil was emanating from either the wellhead or the broken pipes and that oil spilled from the explosion and sinking was being contained.[61][62][63][64] The following day, April 24, Landry announced that a damaged wellhead was indeed leaking oil into the Gulf and described it as "a very serious spill".[65]

Investigation into explosion

At an April 30 press conference, BP said that it did not know the cause of the explosion.[66] Transocean chief executive Steven Newman described the cause as "a sudden, catastrophic failure of the cement, the casing or both."[31] President Barack Obama authorized SWAT (Surface Water Assessment Team) of the Minerals Management Service, part of U.S. Dept. of Interior) teams to investigate 29 oil rigs in the Gulf in an effort to determine the cause of the disaster.[67] On May 11, Department of the Interior released a press release, announcing that the inspection of deepwater drilling rigs in the Gulf of Mexico found no major violations.[68] There are ongoing investigations to determine the root causes of the disaster.[69]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Estimates Suggest Spill Is Biggest in U.S. History
  2. ↑ ""Bird Habitats Threatened by Oil Spill" from National Wildlife". National Wildlife Federation. 2010-04-30. http://www.nwf.org/News-and-Magazines/National-Wildlife/Birds/Archives/2010/Oil-Spill-Birds.aspx. Retrieved 2010-05-03. 
  3. ↑ Gulf Oil Slick Endangering Ecology. [web streaming]. CBS Broadcasting. 2010-04-30. http://wcco.com/video/?id=78277. Retrieved 2010-05-01. 
  4. ↑ "Transocean Deepwater Horizon specifications". Transocean. http://www.deepwater.com/fw/main/Deepwater-Horizon-56C15.html. Retrieved 2010-04-22. 
  5. ↑ Transocean (2009-09-02). "Transocean's Ultra-Deepwater Semisubmersible Rig Deepwater Horizon Drills World's Deepest Oil and Gas Well". Press release. http://www.deepwater.com/fw/main/IDeepwater-Horizon-i-Drills-Worlds-Deepest-Oil-and-Gas-Well-419C151.html. Retrieved 2010-06-07. 
  6. ↑ "Transocean Ltd. Provides Deepwater Horizon Update". Wallstreet Journal. 2010-04-26. http://www.marketwatch.com/story/transocean-ltd-provides-deepwater-horizon-update-2010-04-26. 
  7. ↑ Reddall, Braden (2010-04-22). "Transocean rig loss's financial impact mulled". Reuters. http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN2211325420100422. Retrieved 2010-05-01. 
  8. ↑ BP (April 21, 2010). "BP confirms that Transocean Ltd issued the following statement today". Press release. http://www.bp.com/genericarticle.do?categoryId=2012968&contentId=7061443. Retrieved April 21, 2010. 
  9. ↑ "Deepwater Horizon Still on Fire in GOM". Rigzone. 2010-04-21. http://www.rigzone.com/news/article.asp?a_id=91349. Retrieved 2010-04-21. 
  10. ↑ "Gibbs: Deepwater Horizon Aftermath Could Affect Next Lease Sale". Rigzone. 2010-04-30. http://www.rigzone.com/news/article.asp?a_id=92025. Retrieved 2010-05-18. 
  11. ↑ "Central Gulf of Mexico Planning Area Lease Sale 206 Information". US Minerals Management Service. 2008-08-08. http://www.gomr.mms.gov/homepg/lsesale/206/cgom206.html. Retrieved 2010-06-06. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 "Macondo Prospect, Gulf of Mexico, USA". offshore-technology.com. 2005-10-20. http://www.offshore-technology.com/projects/macondoprospect/. Retrieved 9 May 2010. 
  13. ↑ Jervis, Rick (2010-04-21). "At least 11 workers missing after La. oil rig explosion". USA Today. Associated Press. http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2010-04-21-louisiana-oil-rig_N.htm?loc=interstitialskip. Retrieved 2010-04-21. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 Brenner, Noah; Guegel, Anthony; Hwee Hwee, Tan; Pitt, Anthea (2010-04-22). "Coast Guard confirms Horizon sinks". Upstream Online (NHST Media Group). http://www.upstreamonline.com/live/article212769.ece. Retrieved 2010-04-22. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Burdeau, Cain; Mohr, Holbrook (2010-04-30). "Document: BP didn't plan for major oil spill". ABC News. Associated Press. http://abcnews.go.com/Business/wireStory?id=10515973. Retrieved 2010-04-30. 
  16. ↑ Eilperin, Juliet (2010-05-05). "U.S. exempted BP's Gulf of Mexico drilling from environmental impact study". The Washington Post (The Washington Post Company). http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/05/04/AR2010050404118.html. Retrieved 2010-05-16. 
  17. ↑ Jones, Jeffrey; Mason, Jeff. "RPT-BP's US Gulf project exempted from enviro analysis". Reuters. http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN0621334420100506?type=marketsNews. Retrieved 2010-05-16. 
  18. ↑ Kunzelman, Michael; Pienciak, Richard (2010-05-03). "Feds let BP avoid filing blowout plan for Gulf rig". Associated Press. http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5iVLeScIs1hliTdPPSAWxykKj1E8QD9FH7J100. Retrieved 2010-06-03. 
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 Gold, Russell; Casselman; Chazan (2010-04-28). "Leaking Oil Well Lacked Safeguard Device". Wall Street Journal. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704423504575212031417936798.html. Retrieved 2010-05-26. 
  20. ↑ Soraghan, Mike (2010-05-04). "Warnings on Backup Systems for Oil Rigs Sounded 10 Years Ago". The New York Times. Greenwire. http://www.nytimes.com/gwire/2010/05/04/04greenwire-warnings-on-backup-systems-for-oil-rigs-sounde-30452.html. Retrieved 2010-05-16. 
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Jordans, Frank; Burke, Garance (2010-04-30). "Rig had history of spills, fires before big 1". Huffington Post. Associated Press. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/huff-wires/20100430/us-gulf-oil-spill-the-rig/. Retrieved 2010-05-01. 
  22. ↑ "Accident Investigation Report". Minerals Management Service. 2008-05-26. http://www.gomr.mms.gov/homepg/offshore/safety/acc_repo/2008/080526a.pdf?q=transocean-deepwater-horizon. Retrieved 2010-04-22. 
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 23.3 23.4 23.5 23.6 Bronstein, Scott; Wayne Drash (2010-06-09). "Rig survivors: BP ordered shortcut on day of blast". CNN. http://www.cnn.com/2010/US/06/08/oil.rig.warning.signs/index.html. Retrieved 2010-06-09. 
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 24.3 Urbina, Ian (29 May 2010). "Documents Show Early Worries About Safety of Rig". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/30/us/30rig.html. Retrieved 2010-06-04. 
  25. ↑ "Blowout: The Deepwater Horizon Disaster". CBS News: 60 Minutes. 2010-05-16. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2010/05/16/60minutes/main6490197.shtml. Retrieved 2010-06-15. 
  26. ↑ Fowler, Tom (2010-05-18). "BP Prepared for Top Kill to Plug Well". Houston Chronicle. http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/business/deepwaterhorizon/7009757.html. Retrieved 2010-05-22. 
  27. ↑ David Hammer (2010-05-26). "Hearings: Rig's blowout preventer last inspected in 2005". http://www.nola.com/news/gulf-oil-spill/index.ssf/2010/05/hearings_rigs_blowout_prevente.html. Retrieved 2010-05-26. 
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 28.2 28.3 28.4 "At least 11 missing after blast on oil rig in Gulf". CNN. 2010-04-21. http://www.cnn.com/2010/US/04/21/oil.rig.explosion/index.html. Retrieved 2010-04-21. 
  29. ↑ Henry Fountain and Tom Seller, Jr. (2010-05-25). "Panel Suggests Signs of Trouble Before Rig Explosion". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/26/us/26rig.html?src=me&ref=us. Retrieved 2010-05-26. 
  30. ↑ "Committee Releases Details of BP's Internal Incident Investigation". United States House Committee on Energy and Commerce. 2010-05-25. http://energycommerce.house.gov/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2017:committee-releases-details-of-bps-internal-incident-investigation&catid=122:media-advisories&Itemid=55. Retrieved 2010-05-26. 
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 Gillis, Justin; Broder, John (2010-05-10). "Nitrogen-Cement Mix Is Focus of Gulf Inquiry". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/11/us/11hearings.html?sq=halliburton&st=cse&scp=2&pagewanted=all 
  32. ↑ Carroll, Joe (31 May 2010). "BP Cited ‘Well Control Situation’ Six Weeks Before Blowout". Bloomberg Businessweek. http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-05-31/bp-cited-well-control-situation-six-weeks-before-blowout.html. Retrieved 2010-06-04. 
  33. ↑ Brenner, Noah; Guegel, Anthony; Hwee Hwee, Tan; Pitt, Anthea (2010-04-30). "Congress calls Halliburton on Macondo". Upstream Online (NHST Media Group). http://www.upstreamonline.com/live/article213912.ece. Retrieved 2010-05-01. 
  34. ↑ "BP engineer called doomed rig a 'nightmare well'". Associated Press. 14 June 2010. http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20100614/ap_on_bi_ge/us_gulf_oil_spill_washington. Retrieved 14 June 2010. 
  35. ↑ Daily Mail special investigation article: Why is BP taking ALL the blame?
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 36.2 Schwartz, Naoki; Harry R. Weber (2010-05-07). "APNewsBreak: Bubble of methane triggered rig blast". Associated Press. http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5gIXWYBTpLtSayJtg41LKXpxSxVPAD9FIEG103. Retrieved 2010-06-06. 
  37. ↑ Wise, Lindsay; Latson, Jennifer; Patel, Purva (2010-04-22). "Rig blast survivor: 'We had like zero time'". Houston Chronicle. http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/business/6969069.html. Retrieved 2010-04-22. 
  38. ↑ Harkinson, Josh (June 7, 2010). "'The Rig's on Fire! I Told You This Was Gonna Happen!'". The Atlantic. http://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2010/06/the-rigs-on-fire-i-told-you-this-was-gonna-happen/57775/. Retrieved June 9, 2010. 
  39. ↑ "Rig fire at Deepwater Horizon 4/21/10". CNN iReport (CNN). 2010-04-22. http://www.ireport.com/docs/DOC-435316. Retrieved 2010-05-05. 
  40. ↑ Resnick-Ault, Jessica; Klimasinska, Katarzyna (2010-04-22). "Transocean Oil-Drilling Rig Sinks in Gulf of Mexico". Bloomberg L.P.. http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aHylLWhmGcI0. Retrieved 2010-04-22. 
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 41.2 "Oil slick spreads from sunken rig (video interview)". CNN. 2010-04-22. http://www.cnn.com/2010/US/04/22/oil.rig.explosion/index.html. Retrieved 2010-05-02. 
  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 Kirkham, Chris (2010-04-22). "Rescued oil rig explosion workers arrive to meet families at Kenner hotel". New Orleans Metro Real-Time News. The Times-Picayune. http://www.nola.com/news/index.ssf/2010/04/rescued_oil_rig_workers_arrive.html. Retrieved 2010-04-22. 
  43. ↑ Lee, Lee; Kofman, Jeffrey; Murray, Michael (2010-04-22). "Deepwater Horizon Is On fire; Officials Say Burning Oil Rig in Gulf of Mexico Has Sunk". ABC. http://abcnews.go.com/WN/oil-rig-explosion-survivors-reunite-land-coast-guard/story?id=10446518. Retrieved 2010-04-22. 
  44. ↑ Kuzelman, Mike (2010-04-22). "Oil rig survivors back on land; 11 missing". The Guardian. Associated Press. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/feedarticle/9042118. Retrieved 2010-04-22. 
  45. ↑ "Search for Missing Workers After La. Oil Rig Blast". Fox News. Associated Press. 2010-04-21. http://www.foxnews.com/us/2010/04/21/search-missing-workers-la-oil-rig-blast/. Retrieved 2010-04-21. 
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 Kaufman, Leslie (2010-04-24). "Search Ends for Missing Oil Rig Workers". New York Times: p. A8. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/24/us/24spill.html?hpw. Retrieved 2010-04-24. 
  47. ↑ (digital media) USCG & MMS Joint Investigation of Deepwater Horizon Explosion, Haire and Ezell Testimony May 28, 2010. C-Span. 2010-05-28. Event occurs at 38:30, 1:01:05, 1:20:37. http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/293776-4. Retrieved 2010-06-05. 
  48. ↑ 48.0 48.1 Shapiro, Joseph (2010-05-06). "Rig survivors felt coerced to sign waivers". National Public Radio. http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=126565283. Retrieved 2010-05-18. 
  49. ↑ "Transocean denies forcing crew to sign waivers". Upstream Online (NHST Media Group). 2010-05-12. http://www.upstreamonline.com/live/article214729.ece. Retrieved 2010-05-25. 
  50. ↑ Robertson, Campbell; Robbins, Liz (2010-04-21). "Workers Missing After Oil Rig Blast". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/22/us/22rig.html?ref=us. Retrieved 2010-04-21. 
  51. ↑ "Transocean Ltd. Reports Fire on Semisubmersible Drilling Rig Deepwater Horizon" (press release). Transocean. 2010-04-21. http://phx.corporate-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c=113031&p=irol-newsArticle_print&ID=1415487. Retrieved 2010-04-21. 
  52. ↑ "The Ongoing Administration-Wide Response to the Deepwater BP Oil Spill" (press release). Whitehouse.gov. 2010-05-05. http://www.whitehouse.gov/blog/2010/05/05/ongoing-administration-wide-response-deepwater-bp-oil-spill. Retrieved 2010-05-08. 
  53. ↑ "Coast guard calls off search for oil rig workers". CBC. Associated Press. 2010-04-23. http://www.cbc.ca/world/story/2010/04/23/louisiana-oil-rig-search.html. Retrieved 2010-04-23. 
  54. ↑ McGill, Kevin (2010-04-22). "11 missing in oil rig blast may not have escaped". Salon Media. Associated Press. http://www.salon.com/wires/allwires/2010/04/22/D9F8AR1O0_us_louisiana_oil_rig_explosion/index.html. Retrieved 2010-04-22. 
  55. ↑ Doug Simpson (2010-05-23). "Relatives Fear the Dead Oil Rig Workers Are Forgotten". AOL News. http://www.aolnews.com/nation/article/relatives-of-dead-deepwater-horizon-oil-rig-workers-feel-forgotten-in-the-spill/19488058. Retrieved 2010-05-27. 
  56. ↑ "Transocean Deepwater Horizon Condolences". Transocean. http://www.deepwaterhorizoncondolences.com/. Retrieved 2010-05-27. 
  57. ↑ "Coast Guard: Oil rig that exploded has sunk". CNN. 2010-04-22. http://news.blogs.cnn.com/2010/04/22/coast-guard-oil-rig-that-exploded-has-sunk/. Retrieved 2010-04-30. 
  58. ↑ Nichols, Bruce; Driver, Anna (2010-04-22). "Rig sinks in Gulf of Mexico, oil spill risk looms". Reuters. http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/N22187394.htm. Retrieved 2010-04-30. 
  59. ↑ Jonsson, Patrik (2010-04-22). "Ecological risk grows as Deepwater Horizon oil rig sinks in Gulf". Christian Science Monitor. http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/2010/0422/Ecological-risk-grows-as-Deepwater-Horizon-oil-rig-sinks-in-Gulf. Retrieved 2010-04-30. 
  60. ↑ Nichols, Bruce (2010-04-23). "Oil spill not growing, search for 11 continues". Reuters. http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN2317771020100423. Retrieved 2010-04-30. 
  61. ↑ Jervis, Rick (2010-04-23). "Coast Guard: No oil leaking from sunken rig". USA Today. http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2010-04-23-deepwater-horizon_N.htm. Retrieved 2010-04-30. 
  62. ↑ McGill, Kevin; Noaki Schwartz (2010-04-23). "Oil drilling accidents prompting new safety rules". Houston Chronicle. [dead link]
  63. ↑ Coast Guard: Oil Not Leaking from Sunken Rig. CBS. 2010-04-23. http://www.cbsnews.com/video/watch/?id=6424647n. Retrieved 2010-04-30. 
  64. ↑ RAW: Interview with Rear Adm. Mary Landry. WDSU NBC. 2010-04-23. http://www.clipsyndicate.com/video/playlist/1805/1420648?title=broadcast_local. Retrieved 2010-04-30. 
  65. ↑ "Oil rig wreck leaks into Gulf of Mexico". CBC News. Associated Press. 2010-04-25. http://www.cbc.ca/world/story/2010/05/02/www.cbc.ca/m/rich/world/story/2010/05/07/www.cbc.ca/m/rich/world/story/2010/04/24/deepwater-horizon-oil-rig-leaking.html. Retrieved 2010-04-25. 
  66. ↑ "100430-G-3080T-001-DHS News Conferencemov". Visual Information Gallery (United States Coast Guard). 2010-05-01. http://cgvi.uscg.mil/media/main.php?g2_itemId=845728. Retrieved 2010-05-01. 
  67. ↑ "Oil Spill Reaches Mississippi River". CBS News. 29 April 2010. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2010/04/29/national/main6444311.shtml. Retrieved 29 April 2010. 
  68. ↑ DOI Press release
  69. ↑ The Whitehouse (2010-05-22). "Weekly Address: President Obama Establishes Bipartisan National Commission on the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill and Offshore Drilling". Press release. http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/weekly-address-president-obama-establishes-bipartisan-national-commission-bp-deepwa. Retrieved 2010-06-01. 

External links

Find more about Deepwater Horizon explosion on Wikipedia's sister projects:
Source texts from Wikisource
Images and media from Commons
Search Wikinews News stories from Wikinews

Template:BP

v • d • e
Deepwater Horizon oil spill
Owners
Exploration
Timeline
Relief ships/rigs
Major contractors
Impact
Long term impact
USCG people
MMS people
Adhoc entities

bg:Експлозия на нефтената платформа „Deepwater Horizon“ ro:Accidentul de pe platforma petrolieră Deepwater Horizon

Retrieved from "https://ship.spottingworld.com/wiki/index.php?title=Deepwater_Horizon_explosion&oldid=20908"