Timeline of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill

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The following is a timeline of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill (also referred to as the BP oil spill, the Gulf of Mexico oil spill or the Macondo blowout).[1][2][3][4] It is a massive ongoing oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico, now considered the largest offshore spill in U.S. history.[5] It is a result of the Deepwater Horizon drilling rig explosion on April 20, 2010.

2008

2009

  • February - BP files a 52 page exploration and environmental impact plan for the Macondo well with the MMS. The plan stated that it was "unlikely that an accidental surface or subsurface oil spill would occur from the proposed activities".[7] In the event an accident did take place the plan stated that due to the well being 48 miles (77 km) from shore and the response capabilities that would be implemented, no significant adverse impacts would be expected.[7] The Department of the Interior exempted BP's Gulf of Mexico drilling operation from a detailed environmental impact study after concluding that a massive oil spill was unlikely.[8][9]
  • June 22 - Mark E. Hafle, a senior drilling engineer at BP, warns that the metal casing for the blowout preventer might collapse under high pressure.[10]
  • November 9 - Hurricane Ida damages Transocean Marianas enough that it has to be replaced.[11]

2010

February

  • February 15, 2010 - Deepwater Horizon drilling rig, owned by Transocean, begins drilling on the Macondo Prospect.[12][13][14] The planned well was to be drilled to 18,000 feet (5,500 m) below sea level, and was to be plugged and suspended for subsequent completion as a subsea producer.[15]

March

  • March 8 - Target date for the completion of the well which had been budgeted to cost $96 million.[11]

April

File:Deepwater Horizon offshore drilling unit on fire 2010.jpg
Fighting the fire on April 21
  • April 1 - Halliburton employee Marvin Volek warns that BP's use of cement "was against our best practices."[10]
  • April 6 - MMS issues permit to BP for the well with the notation, "Exercise caution while drilling due to indications of shallow gas and possible water flow."[16]
  • April 9 - BP drills last section with the wellbore 18,360 feet (5,600 m) below sea level but the last 1,192 feet (363 m) need casing. Halliburton recommends liner/tieback casing that will provide 4 redundant barriers to flow. BP chooses to do a single liner with fewer barriers that is faster to install and cheaper ($7 to $10 million).[11]
  • April 14 - Brian Morel, a BP drilling engineer, emails a colleague "this has been a nightmare well which has everyone all over the place."[11]
  • April 15 - Morel informs Halliburton executive Jesse Gagliano that they plan to use 6 centralizers. Gagliano says they should use 21. Morel replies in an email, "it's too late to get any more product on the rig, our only option[] is to rearrange placement of these centralizers." Gagliano also recommends to circulate the drilling mud from the bottom of the well all the way up to the surface to remove air pockets and debris which can contaminate the cement, saying in an email, at "least circulate one bottoms up on the well before doing a cement job." Despite this recommendation, BP cycles only 261 barrels (41.5 m3) of mud, a fraction of the total mud used in the well.[11]
  • April 15 - MMS approves amended permit for BP to use a single liner with fewer barriers.[11]
  • April 16 - Brett Cocales, BP's Operations Drilling Engineer, emails Morel confirming the 6 centralizer approach.
  • April 17 - Deepwater Horizon completes its drilling and the well is being prepared to be cemented so that another rig will retrieve the oil. The blowout preventer is tested and found to be "functional."[17] Gagliano now reports that using only 6 centralizers "would likely produce channeling and a failure of the cement job."[11]
  • April 18 - Gagliano's report says "well is considered to have a severe gas flow problem." Schlumberger flies a crew to conduct a cement bond log to determine whether the cement has bonded to the casing and surrounding formations. It is required in rules.[11][10]
  • April 19 - Halliburton completes cementing of the final production casing string.[18]
  • April 20 - 7 am - BP cancels a recommended cement bond log test. Conducting the test would have taken 9–12 hours and $128,000. By canceling the cement test BP paid only $10,000. Crew leaves on 11:15 am flight.[11] BP officials gather on the platform to celebrate seven years without an injury on the rig.[19] The planned moving of the Deepwater Horizon to another location was 43 days past due and the delay had cost BP $21 million.[20]
  • 9:45 p.m. CDT - Gas, oil and concrete from the Deepwater Horizon explode up the wellbore onto the deck and then catches fire. The explosion kills 11 platform workers and injures 17 others; another 98 people survive without serious physical injury.[21]
  • April 21 Coast Guard rear admiral Mary Landry named Federal On Scene Coordinator.[22] Coast Guard log reports “Potential environmental threat is 700,000 gallons of diesel on board the Deepwater Horizon and estimated potential of 8,000 barrels per day of crude oil, if the well were to completely blowout. Most of the current pollution has been mitigated by the fire. There is some surface sheening extending up to 2 miles from the source.” The log also reports that two attempts to shut the BOP using an ROV have failed.[23][24]
  • April 23 - Coast Guard rear adm. Mary Landry tells CBS "At this time, there is no crude emanating from that wellhead at the ocean surface, er, at the ocean floor...There is not oil emanating from the riser either."[28][29] Unified Command begins operating out of the Royal Dutch Shell Training and Conference Center in Robert, Louisiana. Search and rescue suspended at 5 PM. Eleven of the 126 people on the rig have perished.[22] Coast Guard log reports, “BP will establish an ICP at Houma, Louisiana today to monitor the response and prepare for potential release estimated potential of 64,000- 110,000 bbls (2 ,688,000- 4,620,000 gal) per day of crude oil if the well were to completely blowout.” [23][24]
  • April 25 - Oil sheen seen covering 580 square miles (1,500 km2) and is 70 miles (110 km) south of Mississippi and Alabama coastlines and was 31 miles (50 km) from the ecologically sensitive Chandeleur Islands. BP begins process to establish two relief wells.[22]
  • April 26 - Oil reported 36 miles (58 km) southeast of Louisiana. Booms set up to keep oil from washing ashore.[34] A huge containment chamber is moved to Superior Energy Services subsidiary Wild Well Control in Port Fourchon, Louisiana.[35] BP closing stock price 57.91[36] Coast Guard log reports “attempts to actuate the blow preventer (BOP) middle rams and blind shears were ineffective due to a hydraulic leak on the valve. Repairs are being worked overnight. The well head continues to discharge approximately 1,000 barrels/day.[24]
  • April 27 - Slick grows to 100 miles (160 km) across and 20 miles (32 km) from Louisiana coast.
  • April 28, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration estimated that the leak was likely 5,000 barrels (210,000 US gallons; 790 cubic metres) a day, five times larger than initially estimated by BP.[37][38] BP announces controlled test to burn oil off the surface was successful. Oil is 20 miles (32 km) east of the mouth of the Mississippi River. MMS postpones 2010 Offshore Industry Safety Awards scheduled to be May 3.[39]
  • April 29 - Louisiana Governor Bobby Jindal declares a state of emergency. 100,000 feet (30 km) of containment booms were deployed along the coast.[40] By the next day, this nearly doubled to 180,000 feet (55 km) of deployed booms, with an additional 300,000 feet (91 km) staged or being deployed.[41] Rush Limbaugh noting that explosion occurred the day before Earth Day tells his listeners that it's possible the rig cold have been sabotage to encourage favorable votes for the carbon tax bill and cap and trade bills. "What better way to head off more oil drilling, nuclear plants, than by blowing up a rig? I'm just noting the timing here."[42]
  • April 30 - Oil washes ashore at Venice, Louisiana. President Barack Obama halts new offshore drilling unless safeguards are in place. – Coast Guard issues subpoena to Transocean "to maintain the blowout preventer and to not allow anyone or anything to tamper with it" without the Guard's permission.[43] EPA establishes its website epa.gov/bpspill for its response.[32] Sanford Bernstein estimates capping the leaks and cleaning up the spill may cost $12.5 billion.[44] Innocentive launches a website asking people to submit their solutions to the crisis by June 30.[45][46] On April 30, the United States House Committee on Energy and Commerce asked Halliburton to brief it as well as provide any documents it might have related to its work on the Macondo well.[47]

May

Main article: Timeline of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill (May 2010)
  • May 3 - Shares of Nalco Holding Company jump 18% in one day after it is revealed its dispersant products are being use for cleanup.[49]
  • May 5 - BP announces that the smallest of three known leaks had been capped allowing the repair group to focus their efforts on the remaining leaks.[50]
  • May 7 - A 125-tonne (280,000 lb) container dome is lowered over the largest of the well leaks and pipe the oil to a storage vessel on the surface.[51]
  • May 8 - BP reports that methane is freezing at the top of the dome making it ineffective.[48]
  • May 10 - After failed containment dome BP announces plans to apply five feet in diameter containment vessel nicknamed "top hat".[52] BP announces strategy of trying to push mud and debris down the tube to clog it. The strategy is nicknamed "junk shot."
  • May 11 - BP, Transocean and Halliburton officials testify before Congress blaming each other for the incident.[53] MMS and Coast Guard Joint Investigation Team chaired by USCG Capt. Hung Nguyen and MMS employee David Dykes begin a Joint Marine Board of Investigation into the accident holding the first hearings at the Crowne Plaza Hotel in Kenner, Louisiana where they interview survivors. [54]
  • May 12 - BP releases first public video of leak and others say the leak is significantly higher than what BP has been saying.[55] One estimate says it could to be 20,000–100,000 barrels (840,000–4,200,000 US gallons; 3,200–16,000 cubic metres) a day.[55][56]
  • May 14 - BP inserts 4-inch (100 mm) wide riser into the 21-inch-wide burst pipe. It is initially dislodged when a underwater robot collides with the pipe.[36]
  • May 15 - Coast Guard and EPA authorize use dispersants underwater, at the source of the Deepwater Horizon leak.[59]
  • May 19 - Oil washes ashore on mainland Louisiana.[48]
  • May 23 - BP rebuffs EPA order to change its dispersants. BP says that if oil reaches the shore, it would do more environmental harm than if it were dispersed off the coast. It notes that corexit is the only product that is available in sufficient quantities to deal with the spill. [66] [67]
  • May 24 - BP says it currently has no plans to use explosives on the well. It also flatly denies it ever considered using a nuclear bomb on the well as some suggested.[68]
  • May 26 - BP announces plan to force feed heavy drilling mud in a project called "top kill".[69] Doug Brown, the chief mechanic on the Deepwater Horizon, testifies at the joint U.S. Coast Guard and Minerals Management Service hearing that a BP representative overruled Transocean employees and insisted on displacing protective drilling mud with seawater just hours before the explosion.[70]
  • May 28 - Obama visits Louisiana again.[48]
  • May 29 - BP declares Top Kill is a failure and moves on to their next contingency option, the Lower Marine Riser Package (LMRP) Cap Containment System. [79][80][81][82][83]
  • May 31 - BP announces plan to slice the leaking pipe, placing a cap on it and channeling the oil to surface ships.[48]

June

Main article: Timeline of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill (June 2010)

July

Main article: Timeline of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill (July 2010)

References

  1. ↑ "The Ongoing Administration-Wide Response to the Deepwater BP Oil Spill" (press release). Whitehouse.gov. 2010-05-05. http://www.whitehouse.gov/blog/2010/05/05/ongoing-administration-wide-response-deepwater-bp-oil-spill. Retrieved 2010-05-08. 
  2. ↑ White (2010-05-03). "BP's oil slickers; Bosses who earn millions claimed they could handle rig explosions". Daily Mirror: p. 14. http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/top-stories/2010/05/03/bp-under-fire-for-louisiana-oil-slick-as-obama-demands-they-pay-up-115875-22229895/. Retrieved 2010-05-13. 
  3. ↑ "BP 'army' battles Macondo flow". Upstream. 2010-05-10. http://www.upstreamonline.com/live/article214684.ece. Retrieved 2010-05-21. 
  4. ↑ "Interpreting NOAA’s Trajectory Prediction Maps for the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill" (PDF). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. http://response.restoration.noaa.gov/book_shelf/2056_NOAATrajectoryMaps.pdf. Retrieved 2010-05-24. 
  5. ↑ "Gulf oil spill now largest offshore spill in U.S. history as BP continues plug effort". USA Today. 2010-05-27. http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2010-05-27-oil-spill-news_N.htm?csp=34news. Retrieved 2010-05-27. 
  6. ↑ "Central Gulf of Mexico Planning Area Lease Sale 206 Information". US Minerals Management Service. http://www.gomr.mms.gov/homepg/lsesale/206/cgom206.html. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Burdeau, Cain; Mohr, Holbrook (2010-04-30). "Document: BP didn't plan for major oil spill". ABC News. Associated Press. http://abcnews.go.com/Business/wireStory?id=10515973. Retrieved 2010-04-30. 
  8. ↑ Eilperin, Juliet (2010-05-05). "U.S. exempted BP's Gulf of Mexico drilling from environmental impact study". The Washington Post (The Washington Post Company). http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/05/04/AR2010050404118.html. Retrieved 2010-05-16. 
  9. ↑ Jones, Jeffrey; Mason, Jeff. "RPT-BP's US Gulf project exempted from enviro analysis". Reuters. http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN0621334420100506?type=marketsNews. Retrieved 2010-05-16. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 Urbina, Ian (2010-05-30). "Documents Show Early Worries About Safety of Rig". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/30/us/30rig.html?pagewanted=all. Retrieved 2010-06-14.  Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "nytimes2" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "nytimes2" defined multiple times with different content
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 11.6 11.7 11.8 11.9 "Letter from Henry Waxman to Tony Hayward - June 14, 2010" (press release). nergycommerce.house.gov. 2010-06-14. http://energycommerce.house.gov/documents/20100614/Hayward.BP.2010.6.14.pdf. Retrieved 2010-06-14. 
  12. ↑ BP (April 21, 2010). "BP confirms that Transocean Ltd issued the following statement today". Press release. http://www.bp.com/genericarticle.do?categoryId=2012968&contentId=7061443. Retrieved April 21, 2010. 
  13. ↑ "Deepwater Horizon Still on Fire in GOM". Rigzone. 2010-04-21. http://www.rigzone.com/news/article.asp?a_id=91349. Retrieved 2010-04-21. 
  14. ↑ "Gibbs: Deepwater Horizon Aftermath Could Affect Next Lease Sale". Rigzone. 2010-04-30. http://www.rigzone.com/news/article.asp?a_id=92025. Retrieved 2010-05-18. 
  15. ↑ "Macondo Prospect, Gulf of Mexico, USA". offshore-technology.com. 2005-10-20. http://www.offshore-technology.com/projects/macondoprospect/. Retrieved 9 May 2010. 
  16. ↑ Wald, Matthew L. (2010-05-19). "'Exercise Caution,' the Drilling Permit Said - Green Blog - NYTimes.com". Green.blogs.nytimes.com. http://green.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/05/19/exercise-caution-the-drilling-permit-said/?hpw. Retrieved 2010-06-15. 
  17. ↑ Newman Testimony - May 11, 2010, senate.gov
  18. ↑ "Halliburton May Be Culprit In Oil Rig Explosion". The Huffington Post (Huffingtonpost.com). http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/04/30/halliburton-may-be-culpri_n_558481.html. Retrieved 2010-06-06. 
  19. ↑ Font size Print E-mail Share 93 Comments Page 2 of 6 (2010-05-16). "Blowout: The Deepwater Horizon Disaster - 60 Minutes". CBS News. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2010/05/16/60minutes/main6490197_page2.shtml?tag=contentMain;contentBody. Retrieved 2010-06-04. 
  20. ↑ Urbina, Ian (2010-05-30). "In Gulf, It Was Unclear Who Was in Charge of Rig". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/06/us/06rig.html?pagewanted=all. Retrieved 2010-06-14. 
  21. ↑ Welch, William; Joyner, Chris (2010-05-25). "Memorial Services Honors 11 Dead Oil Rig Workers". USA Today. http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2010-05-25-oil-spill-victims-memorial_N.htm. Retrieved 2010-05-26. 
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 22.3 22.4 Ongoing Timeline – Deepwaterhorizonresponse.com – Retrieved June 15, 2010
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 USA (2010-06-03). "Coast Guard Logs Reveal Early Spill Estimate of 8,000 Barrels a Day - The Center for Public Integrity". Publicintegrity.org. http://www.publicintegrity.org/articles/entry/2123/. Retrieved 2010-06-22. 
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 "Coast Guard Logs Reveal Early Spill Estimate of 8,000 Barrels a Day - The Center for Public Integrity". Publicintegrity.org. http://www.publicintegrity.org/documents/entry/2124/. Retrieved 2010-06-22. 
  25. ↑ "Oil slick spreads from sunken rig (video interview)". CNN. 2010-04-22. http://www.cnn.com/2010/US/04/22/oil.rig.explosion/index.html. Retrieved 2010-05-02. 
  26. ↑ "Coast Guard: Oil rig that exploded has sunk". CNN. 2010-04-22. http://news.blogs.cnn.com/2010/04/22/coast-guard-oil-rig-that-exploded-has-sunk/. Retrieved 2010-04-30. 
  27. ↑ De må ha visst at lekkasjen var mye større - Dagbladot.no - May 28, 2010 - Retrieved June 17, 2010 (translate Norweignian to English)
  28. ↑ "Coast Guard: Oil Not Leaking from Sunken Rig - CBS News Video". CBS News. 2010-04-23. http://www.cbsnews.com/video/watch/?id=6424647n. Retrieved 2010-06-12. 
  29. ↑ "Mechanics : Chicago Politics - A Gusher of Oil, A Trickle of Truth". Gapers Block. 2010-04-22. http://gapersblock.com/mechanics/2010/06/11/a-gusher-of-oil-a-trickle-of-truth/. Retrieved 2010-06-12. 
  30. ↑ "Oil rig wreck leaks into Gulf of Mexico". CBC News. Associated Press. 2010-04-25. http://www.cbc.ca/world/story/2010/05/02/www.cbc.ca/m/rich/world/story/2010/05/07/www.cbc.ca/m/rich/world/story/2010/04/24/deepwater-horizon-oil-rig-leaking.html. Retrieved 2010-04-25. 
  31. ↑ "deepwaterhorizonresponse.com WHOIS domain registration information from". Network Solutions. http://www.networksolutions.com/whois-search/deepwaterhorizonresponse.com. Retrieved 2010-06-10. 
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 "EPA Establishes Web site on BP Oil Spill for The Public | The Green Economy Post: Green Careers, Green Business, Sustainability". The Green Economy Post. http://greeneconomypost.com/epa-web-bp-oil-spill-9688.htm. Retrieved 2010-06-10. 
  33. ↑ "Cushing, OK WTI Spot Price FOB (Dollars per Barrel)". Eia.doe.gov. 2010-06-09. http://www.eia.doe.gov/dnav/pet/hist/LeafHandler.ashx?n=PET&s=RWTC&f=D. Retrieved 2010-06-15. 
  34. ↑ "Deepwater Horizon Rig Disaster". The Wall Street Journal. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704302304575213883555525958.html. Retrieved 2010-06-06. 
  35. ↑ "100426-G-8744K-021 on Flickr - Photo Sharing!". Flickr.com. http://www.flickr.com/photos/42065772@N06/4558317388. Retrieved 2010-06-12. 
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 "BP plc (ADR): NYSE:BP quotes & news - Google Finance". Google.com. http://www.google.com/finance?q=BP. Retrieved 2010-06-06. 
  37. ↑ (online video) Coast Guard New oil leak from area where rig exploded, sank in Gulf; spill heads to coast. Associated Press. 2010-04-28. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WhUjqi7IlzY. Retrieved 2010-04-30. 
  38. ↑ "US military joins Gulf of Mexico oil spill effort". BBC News. 2010-04-29. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/8651624.stm. Retrieved 2010-04-29. 
  39. ↑ "MMS Press Release". Mms.gov. http://www.mms.gov/ooc/press/2010/press0428.htm. Retrieved 2010-06-16. 
  40. ↑ "BP MC252 Gulf Of Mexico Response Continues To Escalate On And Below Surface" (press release). BP. 2010-04-29. http://www.bp.com/genericarticle.do?categoryId=2012968&contentId=7061663. Retrieved 2010-04-29. 
  41. ↑ BP (2010-04-30). "BP Steps Up Shoreline Protection Plans on US Gulf Coast". Press release. http://www.bp.com/genericarticle.do?categoryId=2012968&contentId=7061565. Retrieved 2010-04-30. 
  42. ↑ "Regime SWAT Teams Sent to Gulf". Rushlimbaugh.com. http://www.rushlimbaugh.com/home/daily/site_042910/content/01125113.guest.html. Retrieved 2010-06-24. 
  43. ↑ 12:29 a.m. ET. "NYT: Raising remnants of oil rig still on agenda - The New York Times- msnbc.com". MSNBC. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/37580156/ns/us_news-the_new_york_times/ns/us_news-the_new_york_times/. Retrieved 2010-06-10. 
  44. ↑ Carroll, Joe (2010-05-11). "BP's Relief Wells Bring Risk of an Even Bigger Oil Spill in Gulf of Mexico". Bloomberg. http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-05-11/bp-s-relief-wells-bring-risk-of-an-even-bigger-oil-spill-in-gulf-of-mexico.html. Retrieved 2010-06-21. 
  45. ↑ https://gw.innocentive.com/ar/challenge/9383447
  46. ↑ "BP to InnoCentive: Sorry, We Don't Want Your 908 Ideas for Saving the Gulf". Fast Company. 2010-06-23. http://www.fastcompany.com/1663156/bp-to-innocentive-sorry-we-dont-want-your-908-ideas-for-saving-the-gulf. Retrieved 2010-07-02. 
  47. ↑ Brenner, Noah; Guegel, Anthony; Hwee Hwee, Tan; Pitt, Anthea (2010-04-30). "Congress calls Halliburton on Macondo". Upstream Online (NHST Media Group). http://www.upstreamonline.com/live/article213912.ece. Retrieved 2010-05-01. 
  48. ↑ 48.0 48.1 48.2 48.3 48.4 48.5 48.6 Deepwater Horizon Rig Disaster - Time - wsj.com - Retrieved June 3, 2010
  49. ↑ "Nalco Holding's shares rise after BP cleanup news". Chicago Breaking Business. http://www.chicagobreakingbusiness.com/2010/05/nalco-holdings-shares-rise-after-bp-cleanup-news.html. Retrieved 2010-06-07. 
  50. ↑ Fausset, Richard (2010-05-05). "Gulf oil spill: Smallest leak sealed off". L.A. Times Blogs. http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/greenspace/2010/05/gulf-oil-spill-smallest-leak-sealed-off-.html. Retrieved 2010-05-05. 
  51. ↑ Winning, David (2010-05-03). "US Oil Spill Response Team: Plan To Deploy Dome In 6–8 Days". The Wall Street Journal (Dow Jones & Company). (subscription required). http://online.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20100503-700843.html. Retrieved 2010-05-05. 
  52. ↑ "'Top hat' dome at Gulf of Mexico oil spill site – BP". BBC News. 12-05-2010. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/8678113.stm. Retrieved 2010-05-14. 
  53. ↑ "BP, Halliburton, Transocean Blame Each Other in Gulf Oil Spill". Bloomberg Businessweek. 2010-05-10. http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-05-10/bp-halliburton-transocean-blame-each-other-in-gulf-oil-spill.html. Retrieved 2010-06-06. 
  54. ↑ "Coast Guard, Minerals Management Service co-chair investigation into Deepwater Horizon Mobile Offshore Drilling Unit incident". Deepwaterinvestigation.com. http://www.deepwaterinvestigation.com/go/doc/3043/542459/. Retrieved 2010-06-17. 
  55. ↑ 55.0 55.1 Harris, Richard (2010-05-14). "Gulf Spill May Far Exceed Official Estimates". National Public Radio. http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=126809525. Retrieved 2010-05-14. 
  56. ↑ Goldenberg, Suzanne (2010-05-14). "Scientists study ocean footage to gauge full scale of oil leak". The Guardian. Reuters: p. 29. http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2010/may/13/bp-oil-spill-ocean-footage. Retrieved 2010-05-18. 
  57. ↑ Webb, Tim (13 May 2010). "BP boss admits job on the line over Gulf oil spill". London: guardian.co.uk. http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2010/may/13/bp-boss-admits-mistakes-gulf-oil-spill. Retrieved 13 May 2010. 
  58. ↑ Transocean (2010-05-13). "Transocean Ltd. Affiliates File Limitation of Liability Petition". Press release. http://phx.corporate-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c=113031&p=irol-newsArticle&ID=1426526&highlight=. Retrieved 2010-06-11. 
  59. ↑ "Unified Command For The Bp Oil Spill | Coast Guard And Epa Approve Use Of Dispersant Subsea In Further Effort To Prevent Oil From Reaching U.S. Shoreline". Deepwaterhorizonresponse.com. http://www.deepwaterhorizonresponse.com/go/doc/2931/551271/. Retrieved 2010-06-21. 
  60. ↑ Font size Print E-mail Share 34 Comments (2010-05-19). "BP Bows to Pressure for Oil Leak Livestream". CBS News. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2010/05/19/tech/main6500110.shtml. Retrieved 2010-06-12. 
  61. ↑ Suzanne Goldenberg (2010-05-20). "BP switches on live video from oil leak". The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2010/may/20/deepwater-horizon-oil-spill-live-web-footage. Retrieved 2010-06-09. 
  62. ↑ Dittrick, Paula (2010-05-21). "BP captures varying rates in gulf oil spill response". Oil & Gas Journal (PennWell Corporation). (subscription required). http://www.ogj.com/index/article-display/5805138599/articles/oil-gas-journal/general-interest-2/hse/2010/05/bp-captures_varying/QP129867/cmpid=EnlDailyMay212010.html. Retrieved 2010-05-22. 
  63. ↑ "AP Top News at 10:50 a.m. EDT". Associated Press. 2010-05-17. http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5g8-DEMtAE9q4i4ySQ0eV_qZefmRQD9FOLFA80. Retrieved 2010-05-17. 
  64. ↑ "Weekly Address: President Obama Establishes Bipartisan National Commission on the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill and Offshore Drilling (White House Office of the Press Secretary, May 22, 2010)". Whitehouse.gov. 2010-05-22. http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/weekly-address-president-obama-establishes-bipartisan-national-commission-bp-deepwa. Retrieved 2010-06-01. 
  65. ↑ Whitehouse.gov (2010-05-22). "Executive Order- National Commission on the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill and Offshore Drilling". Press release. http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/executive-order-national-commission-bp-deepwater-horizon-oil-spill-and-offshore-dri. Retrieved 2010-06-01. 
  66. ↑ Suzanne Goldenberg. "Dispersant 'may make Deepwater Horizon oil spill more toxic'". The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2010/may/05/dispersant-deepwater-horizon-oil-toxic. Retrieved 2010-06-07. 
  67. ↑ "BP refuses EPA order to switch to less-toxic oil dispersant - Los Angeles Times". Articles.latimes.com. 2010-05-23. http://articles.latimes.com/2010/may/23/nation/la-na-oil-spill-20100523. Retrieved 2010-06-07. 
  68. ↑ Nuclear Option on Gulf Oil Spill? No Way, U.S. Says (New York Times, June 2, 2010)
  69. ↑ Bluestein, Greg (2010-04-25). "BP engineers draw up plans for 'top kill'". Associated Press. http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5j2WM-6T8Nj9-NM50L97Qc8BdwyfgD9FU5PU00. Retrieved 2010-04-25. 
  70. ↑ David Hammer (2010-05-26). "Hearings: BP representative overruled drillers, insisted on displacing mud with seawater". http://www.nola.com/news/gulf-oil-spill/index.ssf/2010/05/hearings_bp_representative_ove.html. Retrieved 2010-05-26. 
  71. ↑ "New estimates on offshore drilling ban costs | Loren Steffy | Chron.com - Houston Chronicle". Blogs.chron.com. http://blogs.chron.com/lorensteffy/2010/06/new_estimates_o_1.html. Retrieved 2010-06-07. 
  72. ↑ Font size Print E-mail Share 47 Comments (2010-05-27). "Obama Extends Moratorium on Offshore Drilling". CBS News. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2010/05/27/politics/main6523412.shtml. Retrieved 2010-06-07. 
  73. ↑ "Flow Rate Group Provides Preliminary Best Estimate Of Oil Flowing from BP Oil Well". U.S. Department of the Interior. 2010-05-27. http://www.doi.gov/news/pressreleases/Flow-Rate-Group-Provides-Preliminary-Best-Estimate-Of-Oil-Flowing-from-BP-Oil-Well.cfm. Retrieved 2010-05-30. 
  74. ↑ Weisman, Jonathan; Chazan, Guy; Power, Stephen (2010-05-27). "Spill Tops Valdez Disaster". Wall Street Journal. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704269204575270081524288118.html. Retrieved 2010-06-01. 
  75. ↑ Bluestein, Greg; Nuckols, Ben (2010-05-27). "Gulf leak eclipses Exxon Valdez as worst US spill". Associated Press. http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5gIXWYBTpLtSayJtg41LKXpxSxVPAD9FVIFAO2. Retrieved 2010-06-01. 
  76. ↑ Deepwater Horizon Incident - Joint Information Center (2010-05-27). "Flow Rate Group Provides Preliminary Best Estimate Of Oil Flowing from BP Oil Well". Press release. http://www.deepwaterhorizonresponse.com/go/doc/2931/569235. Retrieved 2010-05-29. 
  77. ↑ "MMS chief Elizabeth Birnbaum ousted, officials say". Washingtonpost.com. 2010-05-27. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/05/27/AR2010052703302.html. Retrieved 2010-06-16. 
  78. ↑ Dispersant Monitoring and Assessment Directive - Addendum 3 - May 26, 2010 - epa.gov
  79. ↑ "Update on Gulf of Mexico Oil Spill - 29 May". BP. 29 May 2010. http://www.bp.com/genericarticle.do?categoryId=2012968&contentId=7062487. Retrieved 30 May 2010. 
  80. ↑ "Containment Contingency Option - LMRP Cap". BP. 29 May 2010. http://www.bp.com/liveassets/bp_internet/globalbp/globalbp_uk_english/incident_response/STAGING/local_assets/images/Containment_Contingency_Option_large.jpg. Retrieved 30 May 2010. 
  81. ↑ "Kent Wells Tech Update - 24 May 2010". BP. 24 May 2010. http://bp.concerts.com/gom/kentwells_update24052010.htm. Retrieved 30 May 2010. 
  82. ↑ "BP slices pipe in 'significant step forward'". 3 June 2010. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/37463005/ns/disaster_in_the_gulf/. 
  83. ↑ Bluestein, Greg (2010-06-03). "BP cuts pipe, plans to lower cap over Gulf spill". News & Observer. Associated Press. http://www.newsobserver.com/2010/06/03/513413/bp-cuts-pipe-plans-to-lower-cap.html. Retrieved 2010-06-03. 
  84. ↑ Peter Cooney, ed. "Florida coast suffers first impact from oil spil - Pascal Fletcher". http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE6533S820100604?type=domesticNews. Retrieved 2010-06-04. 
  85. ↑ "Obama Talks With Grand Isle Residents - WWL - AM870 | FM105.3 | News | Talk | Sports". WWL. 2009-01-06. http://www.wwl.com/Obama-talks-with-Grand-Isle-residents/7398375. Retrieved 2010-06-06. 
  86. ↑ Gillis, Justin (2010-06-07). "Rate of Oil Leak, Still Not Clear, Puts Doubt on BP". NYTimes.com. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/08/us/08flow.html. Retrieved 2010-06-13. 
  87. ↑ NBC Nightly News - June 8, 2010
  88. ↑ 3:42 p.m. ET. "BP downplays government claim on oil plumes - Disaster in the Gulf- msnbc.com". MSNBC. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/37588890/ns/disaster_in_the_gulf/. Retrieved 2010-06-10. 
  89. ↑ "BP Oil-Leak Estimate Doubled by U.S. Science Panel (Correct)". BusinessWeek. 2009-12-08. http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-06-11/bp-oil-leak-estimate-doubled-by-u-s-science-panel-correct-.html. Retrieved 2010-06-11. 
  90. ↑ Whitehouse.gov (2010-06-15). "President Obama Announces Bromwich to Fix Oil Industry Oversight". Press release. http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/president-obama-announces-bromwich-fix-oil-industry-oversight. Retrieved 2010-06-16. 
  91. ↑ Weisman, Jonathan. "BP Halts Dividend, Agrees to $20 Billion Fund for Victims - WSJ.com". Online.wsj.com. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704198004575310571698602094.html?mod=WSJ_business_whatsNews. Retrieved 2010-06-16. 
  92. ↑ Hornbeck Offshore Services LLC v. Salazar - uscourts.gov - June 22, 2010
  93. ↑ "Unified Command for the BP Oil Spill | Press Briefing by National Incident Commander June 25, 2010". Deepwaterhorizonresponse.com. 2010-05-08. http://www.deepwaterhorizonresponse.com/go/doc/2931/712211/. Retrieved 2010-06-26. 
  94. ↑ Robert Holland (2010-05-26). "BP Oil Spill Update – A Whale Skimmer Arrives". Socialmediaseo.net. http://socialmediaseo.net/2010/07/01/a-whale-skimmer/. Retrieved 2010-07-01. 
  95. ↑ "Deepwater Horizon: Statistical Modeling | Recent and Historical Incidents | Emergency Response | NOAA's National Ocean Service Office of Response and Restoration". Response.restoration.noaa.gov. 2010-02-05. http://response.restoration.noaa.gov/dwh.php?entry_id=815. Retrieved 2010-07-02. 
  96. ↑ POSTED: 4:27 pm CDT July 5, 2010 (2010-05-07). "Tar Balls Reach Rigolets, Threaten Lake Pontchartrain - Most Popular News Story - WDSU New Orleans". Wdsu.com. http://www.wdsu.com/mostpopular/24148757/detail.html. Retrieved 2010-07-06. 

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