Double hull
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A double hull is a ship hull design and construction method where the bottom and sides of the ship have two complete layers of watertight hull surface: one outer layer forming the normal hull of the ship, and a second inner hull which is somewhat further into the ship, perhaps a few feet, which forms a redundant barrier to seawater in case the outer hull is damaged and leaks.
The space in between the two hull layers is often used as storage tanks for fuel or ballast water.
Double hulls are a more extensive safety measure than double bottoms, which have two hull layers only in the bottom of the ship and not the sides.
In low energy casualties, double hulls can prevent flooding beyond the penetrated compartment. In high energy casualties however, the distance to the inner hull is not sufficient and the inner compartment is penetrated as well.
Double hulls or double bottoms have been required in all passenger ships for decades as part of the Safety Of Life At Sea or SOLAS Convention. [citation needed]
One of the downsides of a double hull is that the stability of a ship can be less than that of a single hull. Because the double hull raise the centre of gravity, the metacentric height will be reduced.
Contents
Oil tankers
Their ability to prevent or reduce oil spills led to their being standardized for other types of ships including Oil tankers by the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships or MARPOL Convention.
A double hull does not protect against major, high-energy collisions or groundings which cause the majority of oil pollution, despite the fact this is why the double hull was put into United States Legislation.[1]
After the Exxon Valdez oil spill disaster, when that ship grounded on Bligh Reef outside the port of Valdez in Alaska, the US Government required all new oil tankers built for use between US ports to be equipped with a full double hull. However, the damage to the Exxon Valdez penetrated sections of the hull (the slops oil tanks) which were protected by a partial double hull.[2][3] The double hull required by the new regulations would not have prevented extensive loss of oil from the Exxon Valdez, though it might have somewhat limited the losses.[4]
Furthermore, a double-hulled tanker doesn't need longitudinal bulkheads for longitudinal strength, as the inner hull already provides this. Eliminating longitudinal bulkheads would result in much wider tanks, significantly increasing the free surface effect. However, this problem is easily corrected with the addition of anti-slosh baffles and partial bulkheads.[5]
Submarines
In case of submarine hulls, the double hull structure is significantly different, consisting of an outer light hull and inner pressure hull.
See also
References
- ↑ Jack Devanney (2006): The Tankship Tromedy, The Impending Disasters in Tankers, CTX Press, Tavernier, Florida, ISBN 0977647900
- ↑ The T/V Exxon Valdez, accessed June 14, 2007
- ↑ The Exxon Valdez Oil Spill US Federal report, accessed June 14, 2007
- ↑ Double Hull Might Have Cut the Spill, David Whitney, Alaska Daily News, August 3, 1989, accessed June 14, 2007
- ↑ COMPARISON OF SINGLE AND DOUBLE HULL TANKERS, Australian Maritime Safety Authority, April 2001
