Laconia incident

File:U-156 37-35 Laconia 1942 09 15.jpg

U-156 and U-506 with ship-wrecked Laconia crew

The Laconia incident happened in the Atlantic Ocean during World War II. On 12 September 1942, RMS Laconia, carrying some 80 civilians, 268 British Army soldiers, about 1,800 Italian prisoners of war, and 160 Polish soldiers (on guard), was struck and sunk by a torpedo from Kriegsmarine submarine Template:GS off the coast of west Africa.

The U-boat commander, Kapitänleutnant Werner Hartenstein and his crew immediately commenced rescue operations and were joined by the crews of other U-boats in the area.

Heading to a rendezvous with Vichy French ships under Red Cross banners, the U-boats were deliberately attacked by a U.S. Army B-24 Liberator bomber.

This event profoundly affected the operations of the German fleet, which abandoned the practice of attempting rescue of civilian survivors under the "Laconia Order" of Admiral Karl Dönitz.

The "Laconia Affair" is a controversial incident from World War II that set the precedent for the subsequent unrestricted submarine warfare for not only the German Navy, but also for the United States Navy. The on-going controversy comes from the level of required assistance and/or protection that military forces must afford non-combatants in war at sea. One international bestseller and numerous articles on the subject have been published about this South Atlantic incident. It raises the following points of study for not only military historians but also practitioners of war and peace to consider:

• What to do with regard to non-combatants during military combat operations at sea.
• Minor tactical decisions made on both sides can and do set precedents with current and possible future strategic level impact.
• In war, there are no "Black or White" answers, only grey ones made with a minimal set of facts in the heat of battle.

Summary of incident

In late 1942, a German U-boat sunk the British troopship Laconia carrying 1,800 Italian POWs off the coast of West Africa. Then realising who the passengers were, the U-boat started rescue operations while flying the Red Cross flag. A US Army Air Corps bomber flying out of a secret South Atlantic airbase on Ascension Island attacked the U-boat. The U-boat abandoned the rescue effort and left the survivors to drift to Africa. Over half the survivors died. This incident led to German Admiral Dönitz to issue the Triton Null Order which came to be known as the "Laconia Order"; which expressly forbade submarine commanders to rescue survivors from torpedoed ships. The US Navy used that order as justification for a similar order in the Pacific.

Summary of the key facts

• On 12 September 1942, Werner Hartenstein commanding the German Navy U-156 sighted and sank the 19,700-ton British Cunard White Star passenger liner Laconia, serving as a troopship.
• The unescorted, but armed Laconia was carrying 1,800 Italian POWs guarded by 103 Free Poles, and 268 British military personnel from the Desert War in Egypt.
• Hartenstein discovering that the Laconia was carrying Italian POWs from North Africa decided on his own initiative to launch rescue operations, to broadcast in the blind a "cease fire" message, and to inform and seek approval of his decision from Berlin. He did so either out of concern "that the accidental killing and stranding of so many Italian soldiers could cause a serious political rupture in the Axis high command," and/or from deeply felt humanitarian considerations.
• The German senior level leadership (Naval and National) requested the Vichy French to send warships from Dakar and/or the Ivory Coast to pick up the survivors, but rejected Hartenstein's cease fire proposal, in part because:
  • Hitler in his rage had directed that no word of the Laconia sinking or the proposed Axis rescue be transmitted to the Allies, though subordinates ignored Hitler's orders and communicated messages to the Allies about the proposed rescue attempt.
  • Admiral Raeder did not think it wise to enter into a "deal" with the untrustworthy Allies.
  • Nothing was to interfere with Eisbär's surprise attack on Cape Town to strike at the supplies destined for the British and Soviets.
• The British in Freetown intercepted this message, but believing it might be a ruse de guerre, refused to credit it, but still passed it on to the United States.
• The Vichy French in response to Berlin's request sent the 7,500-ton Vichy French cruiser Gloire from Dakar, and two sloops, the fast 650-ton Annamite and the slower 2,000-ton Dumont d'Urville, from Conakry, French Guinea, and Cotonou, Dahomey, respectively.
• The Allies, specifically the United States, had gone to great effort to establish an airfield on Ascension as a critical link in their only air route between the United States and Desert War in Egypt. This was a secret airfield and its loss would have shut off the critically needed supply of medium bombers to British forces in Egypt and to the Soviet forces in Russia. This is why then Captain Richardson's squadron of P-39s and five B-25 Mitchell bombers were assigned to protect the airfield.
• Then Captain Richardson ordered the bombing of the submarine, based on his assessment of the overall military situation and the importance of his protecting Ascension Island as critical link in the US aerial resupply of the British and Soviet war efforts in Egypt and Russia, respectively.
• As a result of the aerial attack, Hartenstein and, subsequently, the Vichy French abandoned the rescue operations due to their perceived threat from unknown Allied source(s).
• This chain of events led to the death of well over half of the Laconia's passengers (British, Italian, and Polish) and crew.

Events

German attack

At 22:00 on 12 September 1942, U-156 was patrolling off the coast of West Africa midway between Liberia and Ascension Island. The submarine's commanding officer, Kapitänleutnant Hartenstein, spotted a large British ocean liner sailing alone and attacked it.

At 22:22 the liner, sailing under the name Laconia, transmitted the following message on the 600-meter band:

SSS SSS 0434 South / 1125 West Laconia torpedoed

signifying "under attack by submarine".

As Laconia began to sink, Hartenstein surfaced. He hoped to capture the ship's senior officers. To his surprise, Hartenstein saw over two thousand people struggling in the water.

Survivor Jim McLoughlin states in One Common Enemy Hartenstein asked him if he was in the Royal Navy, which he was, and then asked why a passenger ship was armed, stating, "If it wasn't armed, I would not have attacked." McLoughlin believes this indicates Hartenstein had thought it was a troop transport rather than a passenger ship; in fact, by signalling to the Royal Navy, Laconia was acting as a de facto naval auxiliary. Moreover, merchantmen armed with guns (which most were) fell outside the protection from attack without warning and the requirement to place survivors "in a place of safety" (for which lifeboats did not qualify); therefore, it made no difference if she was a troop ship^{[citation needed]}.

Rescue operations

Hartenstein immediately began rescue operations. Laconia sank at 23:23. At 01:25, 13 September, Hartenstein sent a coded radio message to Befehlshaber der U-Boote (Commander-in-Chief for Submarines) alerting them to the situation. It read:

Versenkt von Hartenstein Brite "Laconia". Marinequadrat FF 7721 310 Grad. Leider mit 1500 italienischen Kriegsgefangenen. Bisher 90 gefischt. 157 cbm. 19 Aale, Passat 3, erbitte Befehle.

Sunk by Hartenstein British "Laconia". Grid FF 7721 310 degrees. Unfortunately with 1500 Italian POWs. So far 90 fished. 157 cubic meters (of oil). 19 eels [torpedoes], trade wind 3, request orders.

Head of submarine operations, Admiral Dönitz, immediately ordered two other U-boats to divert to the scene. Soon U-156 was crammed above and below decks with nearly two hundred survivors, including five women, and had another 200 in tow aboard four lifeboats. At 6am on September 13, Hartenstein broadcast a message on the 25-meter band in English (and plain language) to all shipping in the area giving his position, requesting assistance with the rescue effort and promising not to attack. It read:

If any ship will assist the ship-wrecked Laconia crew, I will not attack providing I am not being attacked by ship or air forces. I picked up 193 men. 4, 53 South, 11, 26 West. ― German submarine.

U-156 remained on the surface at the scene for the next two and a half days. At 11:30 on 15 September, she was joined by Template:GS commanded by Kptlt. Erich Würdemann and a few hours later by both Template:GS under Korvettenkapitän Harro Schacht and the Italian submarine Cappellini. The four boats, with lifeboats in tow and hundreds of survivors standing on their decks, headed for the African coastline and a rendezvous with Vichy French surface warships which had set out from Senegal and Dahomey.

American bombing

The next morning, 16 September, at 11:25, the four submarines, with Red Cross flags draped across their gun decks, were spotted by an American B-24 Liberator bomber from Ascension Island. Hartenstein signalled to the pilot requesting assistance. Lieutenant James D. Harden of the U.S. Army Air Force turned away and notified his base of the situation. The senior officer on duty that day, Captain Robert C. Richardson III not knowing that this was a Red Cross sanctioned German rescue operation, assumed that:

• The rules of war, at the time, did not permit a combat ship to fly Red Cross flags.
• The British authorities had diverted two Allied freighters to the site, and feared that the German submarines would attack them.
• The German submarine was only rescuing the Italian POWs and the U-boats would sink the Allied freighters.
• In his tactical assessment, the submarine would discover and shell the secret Ascension airfield and fuel tanks, thus cutting off a critical Allied resupply air route to British forces in Egypt and Soviet forces in Russia; and ordered the B-24 to "sink the sub".

Harden flew back to the scene of the rescue effort and at 12:32 attacked with bombs and depth charges. One landed among the lifeboats in tow behind U-156 while others straddled the submarine itself. Hartenstein cast adrift those lifeboats still afloat and ordered the survivors on his deck into the water. The submarines dived and escaped. Hundreds of Laconia survivors perished, but French vessels managed to rescue about a thousand later that day. In all, some 1,500 passengers survived.

Under the Hague Conventions, hospital ships are protected from attack, but their identity must be communicated to belligerents (III, 1-3), they must be painted white with a Red Cross emblem (III, 5), and must not be used for other purposes (III, 4). Since a submarine remained a military vessel even if hors de combat, the Red Cross emblem did not confer automatic protection, although in many cases it would have been allowed as a practical matter. The order given by Richardson has been called a possible war crime, but the use of a Red Cross flag by an armed military vessel would also be a violation. There is no provision in either convention for temporary designation of a hospital or rescue ship. Under the informal rules of war at sea, however, ships engaged in rescue operations are held immune from attack; but not by the German U-Boote, which operated under an order that stated that rescue ships in Allied Atlantic convoys were targets "of great value":.

Consequences

The Laconia incident had far-reaching consequences. Until then, as indicated in point #1 of the "Laconia Order", it was common for U-boats to assist torpedoed survivors with food, water, simple medical care for the wounded, and a compass bearing to the nearest landmass; it was extremely rare for survivors to be brought on board as space on a U-boat was barely enough for its own crew. Now Dönitz prohibited rescues; survivors were to be left in the sea. Even afterwards, U-boats would still occasionally provide aid for survivors.

At the Nuremberg Trials held by the victorious Allies in 1946, Dönitz was indicted for war crimes, including the issuance of the "Laconia order":

“

The prosecution has introduced much evidence surrounding two orders of Dönitz, War Order No. 154, issued in 1939, and the so-called Laconia Order of 1942. The defense argues that these orders and the evidence supporting them do not show such a policy and introduced much evidence to the contrary. The Tribunal is of the opinion that the evidence does not establish with the certainty required that Dönitz deliberately ordered the killing of shipwrecked survivors. The orders were undoubtedly ambiguous and deserve the strongest censure. The evidence further shows that the rescue provisions were not carried out and that the defendant ordered that they should not be carried out. The argument of the defence is that the security of the submarine is, as the first rule of the sea, paramount to rescue and that the development of aircraft made rescue impossible. This may be so, but the Protocol is explicit. If the commander cannot rescue, then under its terms he cannot sink a merchant vessel and should allow it to pass harmless before his periscope. The orders, then, prove Dönitz is guilty of a violation of the Protocol. (Emphasis added) In view of all the facts proved and in particular of an order of the British Admiralty announced on 8 May 1940, according to which all vessels should be sunk at sight in the Skagerrak, and the answers to interrogatories by Admiral Chester Nimitz stating unrestricted submarine warfare was carried on in the Pacific Ocean by the United States from the first day of the Pacific War, the sentence of Dönitz is not assessed on the ground of his breaches of the international law of submarine warfare.

”

See also

• Laconia Order
• Italian submarine Cappellini
• Unrestricted submarine warfare
• Allied war crimes
• Robert C Richardson III Biography

References

• Bishop, Chris (2006). Kriegsmarine U-boats 1939–45. London: Amber Books. ISBN 9781904687962. OCLC 123895804. 
• Rohwer, Jürgen; Gerhard Hummelchen (1992). Chronology of the War At Sea 1939–1945: The Naval History of World War Two (2nd rev., expanded edition ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 9781557501059. OCLC 26407767. 
• McLoughlin, Jim (2006). One Common Enemy: The Laconia Incident: A Survivor's Memoir. Australia: Wakefield Press Pty. ISBN 9781862546905.  and also ISBN 0-948065-77-X

Further reading

• Grossmith, Frederick (1994). The Sinking of the Laconia, A Tragedy in the Battle of the Atlantic. ISBN 1871615682. 
• Blair, Clay (1998). The Hunted, 1942–1945. Random House. ISBN 0679457429. http://wernerhartenstein.tripod.com/U156ClayBlair.htm. 
• Peillard, Leonce (1963). The Laconia Affair. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. ISBN 0553230700. http://wernerhartenstein.tripod.com/U156ClayBlair.htm. 
• Maurer, Mauer; Paszezk, Lawrence. Origin of the Laconia Order. Air University Review (March-April 1964 ed.). 

External links

• The Laconia Incident on Uboataces.com
• The Laconia Incident on Uboat.net
• An account from Helen Charles, a survivor of RMS Laconia
• Excerpt from The Hunted, 1942–1945