Preußen (ship)
The Preußen leaving New York harbour under full sail in May 1908 | |
| Career (Germany) | Civil Ensign of the German Empire |
|---|---|
| Name: | Preußen |
| Namesake: | State and Kingdom of Preußen (Prussia) |
| Owner: | F. Laeisz Shipping Company |
| Route: | Hamburg-Chile (12 journeys); 1 journey round the world in charter to Standard Oil Co. |
| Ordered: | November, 1900 |
| Builder: |
Joh. C. Tecklenborg Shipyard, Geestemünde Naval architect: Dr. h.c. Georg W. Claussen |
| Cost: | M 1,200,000.00 |
| Yard number: | 179 |
| Laid down: | August, 1901 |
| Launched: | May 7, 1902 and christened the same day |
| Completed: | July 7, 1902 |
| Commissioned: | July 10, 1902 |
| Maiden voyage: | July 31, 1902 to Iquique, Chile in 64 days |
| Homeport: | Hamburg, Germany |
| Identification: |
Code letters R M P T (Ger.) 30x15px30x15px30x15px30x15px |
| Fate: | stranded near Dover on November 6, 1910, no loss of men |
| Status: | wreck, only a few plates and parts are left |
| Badge: | none; no figurehead, a volute instead |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type: |
five-masted full rigged steel ship nitrate carrier, bulk carrier |
| Tonnage: | 5,081 GRT / 4,788 NRT |
| Displacement: | 11,150 long tons (11,330 t) (at 8,000 long tons or 8,100 t load) |
| Length: |
482 ft (147 m) (overall) 439.6 ft (134.0 m) (hull) 400.3 ft (122.0 m) (btw. perpendiculars) |
| Beam: | 53.8 ft (16.4 m) |
| Height: |
223.1 ft (68.0 m) (keel to masthead truck) 190.28 ft (58.00 m) (deck to masthead truck) |
| Draft: | 27.09 ft (8.26 m) |
| Depth: | 33.59 ft (10.24 m) (depth molded) |
| Depth of hold: | 32.48 ft (9.90 m) |
| Decks: | 2 continuous steel, poop, forcastle, and midship island (bridge) decks |
| Deck clearance: | 8 ft (2.4 m) |
| Installed power: | no auxiliary propulsion; 2 donkey engines for sail winches, loading gear, pumps, generator |
| Propulsion: | sail |
| Sail plan: |
47 sails: 30 square sails; 17 fore-and-aft sails: 12 staysails, 4 foresails, 1 spanker sail area: 6,806 m2 (73,260 sq ft) |
| Speed: | 20.5 knots (38.0 km/h) |
| Boats and landing craft carried: | 4 lifeboats on the aft main deck |
| Capacity: | 8,000 long tons or 8,100 t load |
| Complement: | 45, 49 max. |
| Crew: | captain, 1st, 2nd, & 3rd mates, steward, cook, sailmaker, 38 to 42 able seamen and shipboys |
| Notes: | small surgery, Jarvis patent brace winches for each mast |
The Preußen (usually Preussen in English) was a German steel-hulled five masted ship-rigged windjammer built in 1902 for the F. Laeisz shipping company and named after the German state and kingdom of Prussia. It was the only ship of this class with five masts carrying six sails on each mast within the world merchant fleet.
Until the 2000 launch of the similar Royal Clipper, a sail cruise liner, she was the only five-masted full-rigged ship ever built.
History
The Preußen was built as hull-number 179 at the Joh. C. Tecklenborg ship yard in Geestemünde according to the plans of chief designer Dr.-Ing. h. c. Georg Wilhelm Claussen, launched and christened on May 7, 1902. The ship was commissioned on July 31, 1902, and left the harbour of Bremerhaven the same day on her maiden voyage to Iquique under the command of Capt. Boye Richard Petersen who assisted naval architect Claussen in his plans. The basic idea of building such a ship is said to come from famous Laeisz captain Robert Hilgendorf, commander of the five-masted steel barque Potosi. Story has it that emperor William II, while visiting the Potosi on June 18, 1899, asked Carl H. Laeisz when the five-masted full-rigged ship will finally "come". This is also considered as an impulse to built the ship. First construction plans were found among the effects of Carl Ferdinand Laeisz, grandson of founder Ferdinand Laeisz and son of C. H. Laeisz, who died early at an age of 48 in 1900, even before his father Carl Heinrich Laeisz who died in 1901. The ship was subsequently ordered in November 1900.
The sturdily built ship could weather every storm and even tack at force 9 winds. In such conditions eight men had to hold the 6½-foot (2.0 m) tall double-steering wheel. She was successfully used in the saltpeter trade with Chile, setting speed records in the process. Due to her appearance, uniqueness, and excellent sailing characteristics seamen called her the "Queen of the Queens of the Seas". In 1903 (February 2 – May 1) she sailed an unequalled record voyage from Lizard Point to Iquique in 57 days. She made twelve "round trips" (Hamburg–Chile and back home) and one journey round the world via New York and Yokohama, Japan in charter to the Standard Oil Co. When she entered New York harbour, almost all New Yorkers were "on their legs" to see and welcome that unique tall sailing ship. Capt. B. R. Petersen was accompanied by his wife and his little son; both left the ship and returned to Hamburg later by steamer. The mighty Preußen, as she was named by many seamen, had only two skippers in her career, Captain Boye Richard Petersen (11 voyages) and Captain Jochim Hans Hinrich Nissen (2 voyages and the last voyage). Both masters learned and developed their skills sailing such a huge sailing ship under Capt. Robert Hilgendorf, late master of the Potosí.
On November 6, 1910, on her 14th outbound voyage, carrying a mixed cargo including a number of pianos for Chile, the Preußen was rammed by the small British cross-channel steamer Brighton who, contrary to regulations, had tried to cross before her bows, underestimating her high speed of 16 knots (30 km/h). The Preußen was seriously damaged and lost much of her forward rigging (bowsprit, fore topgallant mast), making it impossible to steer the ship to safety. After several attempts to sail or tug her to nearby Dover had failed, she ran aground at Crab Bay during a November gale. While crew, cargo and some equipment could be saved, the hull with the keel broken was rendered unsalvageable. She sits in 6 m / 19.7 ft at 51°8.02′N 1°22.17′E / 51.13367°N 1.3695°ECoordinates: 51°8.02′N 1°22.17′E / 51.13367°N 1.3695°E.
Technical data
The Preußen was steel-built with a waterline length of 124 m and a total hull length of 132 m. The hull was 16.4 m wide and the ship had a displacement of 11,150 long tons (11,330 t), for an effective carrying capacity of 8,000 long tons (8,100 t). The five masts were fully rigged, with courses, upper and lower topsails, upper and lower topgallant sails, and royals. Counting staysails, she carried 47 sails (30 square sails in six storeys, 12 staysails between the five masts, four foresails (jibs) and a small fore-and-aft spanker with a total sail area of 6,806 square meters (73,260 sq ft) (according to other sources 5,560 square meters (59,800 sq ft), which probably refer to the square sail area only). Not only the hull was steel: masts (lower and top mast were made in one piece) and spars (yard, spanker boom) were constructed of steel tubing, and most of the rigging was steel cable. All bobstays between jibboom and bow were made of massive steel rods and chains. The only wooden spar was the gaff of the small spanker. The hoistable yards were equipped with special shoes to slide in rails riveted to the masts. "Jarvis' Patent" brace winches[1] for the lower and top-sail yards were mounted before each of the five masts. The fall winches were of "Hall's Patent". She was designed as a so-called "three-island ship", i. e. a ship with a third "high level deck" amidships beside the forecastle (41 ft (12 m)) and poop (65 ft (20 m)) decks. The midship island (74 ft (23 m)), also called the midship bridge, is also called a "Liverpool house", because the first ships equipped with that feature, came from Liverpool yards. Dry and well-ventilated accommodations for crew, mates, and captain, as well as the pantry and chart room were built in this middle deck. The main helm — a double rudder wheel of 6.2 ft (1.89 m) diameter with a steam driven rudder machine — was mounted on top of it, well protected against the dangerous huge waves from aft. A second helm (emergency helm) was near the stern. Four huge main hatches were set in the upper main deck. Behind the foremast a little deckhouse contained the two donkey boilers that drove four steam winches, a steam capstan, the rudder machine, and a generator for electricity. Four lifeboats with davits were securely fixed on a tubing rack above the main deck before the aftmost mast.
- Naming her five masts: fore, main, middle, mizzen, and jigger (in German: Vor-, Groß-, Mittel-, Achter-, Kreuzmast)
Under good conditions, the ship could reach a speed of 20 knots (37 km/h). Her best 24-hour runs were 392 nm in 1908 on her voyage to Japan and 426 nm in 1904 in the South Pacific. The Preußen was manned by a crew of 45, which was supported by two steam engines powering the pumps, the rudder steering engine, the loading gear, and winches. English seamen estimate her the fastest sailing ship after the clipper era, even faster than her fleet sister Potosí, and only a few of them were faster than her but with a considerably less cargo.
Stamps
Preu?ßen has appeared on postage stamps issued by the Falkland Islands, Germany, Grenada, Paraguay and Sierra Leone.[2]
References
- ↑ Biography of Captain John Charles Barron Jarvis (1857-1935)
- ↑ "Maritime Topics On Stamps :Sailing vessel 'Preussen'". Seemotive. http://www.seemotive.de/html/preussen.htm. Retrieved 14 February 2010.
- Oliver E. Allen: Die Windjammer, Time-Life Books, 1980 (Original US edition: The Windjammers, 1978)
- Heinz Blöß: Glanz und Schicksal der "Potosi" und "Preußen", Hamburgs und der Welt größte Segler. Schmidt Verlag, Kiel 1960
- Jochen Brennecke: Windjammer. Der große Bericht über die Entwicklung, Reisen und Schicksale der "Königinnen der Sieben Meere". Koehlers Verlagsgesellschaft, Herford, 3. Aufl. 1984; Kap. XXII - Die Größten unter den Segelschiffen der Welt, S. 291-297; ISBN 3-7822-0009-8
- Hans-Jörg Furrer: Die Vier- und Fünfmast-Rahsegler der Welt. Koehlers Verlagsgesellschaft, Herford 1984, pp 168, ISBN 3-7822-0341-0
- Horst Hamecher: Fünfmast-Vollschiff »PREUSSEN«, Königin der See. Der Lebensweg eines Tiefwasserseglers. Hamecher Eigenverlag, Kassel 1993, ill.; ISBN 3-920307-46-1 (the book describes in detail everything concerning the ship including all her voyages)
- W. Kaemmerer: Das Fünfmast-Vollschiff Preußen, erbaut von Joh. C. Tecklenborg A.-G., Schiffswerft und Maschinenfabrik in Bremerhaven-Geestemünde. Zeitschrift der Vereins deutscher Ingenieure, vol. 48, No. 34, Berlin 1904
- Peter Klingbeil: Die Flying P-Liner. Die Segelschiffe der Reederei F. Laeisz. Verlag "Die Hanse", Hamburg 1998 / 2000; ISBN 3-434-52562-9
- Björn Landström: Das Schiff. C. Bertelsmann Verlag, München (Munich) 1961
- Hans Georg Prager: „F. Laeisz“ vom Frachtsegler bis zum Bulk Carrier. Koehlers Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, Herford 1974; ISBN 3-7822-0096-9
- Manfred Prager: Vergleich zwischen dem Fünfmastvollschiff "Preußen" und der Fünfmastbark "Potosi" auf den Reisen nach der Westküste Südamerikas und zurück. Annalen der Hydrographie und maritimen Meteorologie: Zeitschrift für Seefahrt und Meereskunde, Hamburg, Berlin 1908; ISSN 0174-8114
- Schiff und Zeit. Fachzeitschrift der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Schiffahrts- und Marinegeschichte. Fünfmastvollschiff "Preußen". Heft 5/1977, Herford 1977, Bestell-Nr.: 5872
- Jens Jansson: SOS - Schicksale deutscher Schiffe - Weiße Segel über blauen Wogen - vol. Nr. 51 - Fünfmastvollschiff "Preußen". pp 2, Pabel-Moewig Verlag KG, Rastatt 1976
External links
| Preußen (ship)
]]- (German) description with ship characteristics & photographs
- Preußen at www.bruzelius.info
- (German) profile of the Preußen
- (German) description with ship characteristics, photographs, report on the accident
- CapHorniers on F. Laeisz (and A. D. Bordes & Fils), Chile, photographs etc.
- Modelling the Preussen, scale 1/300 (.pdf file)
- A large 1/48th scale model of the Preussen is on display at the San Fracisco Maritime Museum
| ||||||||
de:Preußen (1902) fr:Preussen nl:Preußen fi:Preussen sv:Preussen (fullriggare)
